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Accountability for Gender Equality Year of publication: 2018 Author: Elaine Unterhulter | Amy North | Orlanda Ward The aim of this paper is to consider approaches to understanding and evaluating accountability in education from the perspective of concerns with gender equality in education. This task has a number of facets and complexities, because โgenderโ is not one simple set of relationships, and the notion of gender equality in education can be read in a number of different ways. Thus developing adequate conceptualizations for the key terms (accountability, and gender equality and education) needs to take account of gender as a particularly fluid, contextually located and contested idea signaling processes, which link with different formulations of policy and practice to enhance gender equality and accountability in education.In this paper we look at a range of different meanings of accountability, distilled in the main GEM Report (UNESCO, 2017) and consider their implications in relation to debates about gender and gender equality in education. The aim of the paper is to develop a โbespokeโ interpretation of accountability and different forms of gender equality in education through which we can assess a number of research studies and country examples of forms of accountability.This paper is also background paper prepared for the 2018 Global education monitoring report gender review: Meeting our commitments to gender equality in education. 
Gender, migration and non-formal learning for women and adolescent girls Year of publication: 2019 Author: Amy North Corporate author: Global Education Monitoring Report Team Processes of international migration and displacement are highly gendered. Who migrates, and how they experience migration and displacement, is affected by gender norms and relations in both in countries of origin and countries of settlement, the gendered dynamics of conflict and violence, and the gendered nature of global and local labour markets. These gendered dynamics of migration both affect and are affected by education in often complex ways, as education may both facilitate processes of migration, and be enabled or limited by them, and as gendered engagements with education prior to and during migration and settlement may have a significant influenced on how these processes are experienced. This paper is concerned with exploring this gender-migration- education nexus through a focus on the educational engagements and experiences of migrant and refugee women and adolescent girls. It first considers the wider body of research that has explored the relationship between gender, migration and displacement, particularly in relation to the experiences of migrant women and girls, before drawing out some of the key conceptual ideas from this, considering their implications for education, and presenting a conceptual diagram to represent this relationship. It then focuses more specifically on experiences of non-formal education for women and adolescent girls in refugee contexts and in host countries. Finally it identifies a number of key issues and recommendations emerging from this research.