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Shadow education in the Middle East: private supplementary tutoring and its policy implications Year of publication: 2023 Author: Bray, Mark, Hajar, Anas Corporate author: UNESCO An increasing number of students around the world are receiving private lessons to supplement their school education. In much academic literature, this is called shadow education; Because the content of private lessons closely mimics the content of school education, as its content changes with the change in the curriculum in schools. Private lessons can take many forms. They can be offered one-on-one, in small groups, in large classes, or online. Some private lessons are provided by the Ministryโs teachers in order to obtain additional income, and some commercial institutions also provide these lessons. As for the categoryThe third group of private lesson providers includes university students, retirees, and seasonal workers.While much research and policy has focused on the shadow education system in East Asia and some other regions of the world, there has been less interest in the topic in the Middle East. However, the topic deserves greater focus because of its far-reaching implications for prevailing social structures and education systems. This study begins with the global picture before comparing patterns within and between 12 Arabic-speaking countries in the Middle East. 
A Strategy for Promoting Citizenship Education in the Modern School Year of publication: 2015 Author: Zayneb Algharibi Corporate author: Mohamed Lamin University Citizenship is regarded as an important aspect in the life of community. With the lack of citizens who do not realize their role in the development of their community, no society/ or community will be able to progress, grow, and develop. Since education is the best means to develop good citizenship, the process of bringing up students into citizenchip is called 'citizenship education', and because of its importance, education for citizenship has begun to be integrated within the educational systems of Gulf countries ; for the fact of the role of our successive generations in exercising the different roles of citizenship and positive activities in society.The present paper highlights the strategy to strengthen and promote citizenship education in the modern school; It seeks to answer the following questions:What the modern concept of education for citizenship?What is the justifications for giving much concern to education for citizenship in the modern school?What steps that should be used to strengthen education for citizenship at school?