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Learning from genocide: a study in the failure of Holocaust education The importance of learning lessons from the Holocaust and from the mass slaughter in Rwanda was recognised in the theme underpinning Britain’s Holocaust Memorial Day in 2004. This article is principally concerned with the lessons learnt from the Holocaust by a culturally diverse group of students aged 14 to 16. They all attended schools in an outer London borough and were interviewed after taking part in a local event held to mark the 2004 commemoration. The article concludes with a discussion of the main findings of the investigation. (By the author) 
Genocide & The Shoah (The Holocaust) : Intellectual Tools for Education & Public Policy Decision The article reviews anti-Semitism from a multi-disciplinary perspective by focusing on the influence of American anti-Semitism on the German Nazis; exploring the endurance of anti-Semitism in Germany via its intellectual and scholastic elite; and exploring the political psychology of Hitlerism prior to the Second World War. The article then examines the problem that although anti-Semitism may be a necessary condition of genocide, it is not a sufficient one. This required the understanding of the jump from anti-Semitism, that is repressive and dominating, to the decision to exterminate a population of human beings completely. This also required a more carefully exploration of the specific features of the Nazi decision process as well as its framework of social control. With this background, the article focuses on developing the theoretical and methodological intellectual skills that have been developed in the context of the policy sciences in order to provide an approach to the challenges generated by the problems of mass murder and genocide, which would guide policy makers to more realistic, timely and effective interventions. The article then explores distinctive but interrelated intellectual tasks that are required for research to guide inquiry and policy making and which include a disciplined commitment to the clarification of the value goals implicated by the problems of mass murder and genocide. These intellectual tasks require a careful specification of the trends in past decisions that have sought, in some measure of efficacy, to respond to these problems. They would also require an understanding of the scientific conditions that have shaped the nature of these trends in order to be able to forecast about the prospect of genocide and mass murder, which could be understood as a tentative forecast of an optimistic and a pessimistic nature, and the possibility of constraining it. Finally, theory requires an element of creativity. That creativity would be expressed in terms of the provided interaction between human values and the art/aesthetic process, which is suggested as a tool for realizing the never again goal. The creative aspect of this would be the invention of strategies that might direct intervention of a trend in the direction of a more optimistic possible future. (By the author) National Socialism and the Holocaust in West German school books The author differentiates five phases of representation of the Holocaust in West German history books and lessons. Attempts to deal with the subject in a serious and comprehensive way in some post-war school textbooks were repressed in the 1950s. The students' movement, intensive research work and increased political attention on right-wing tendencies brought a change in the 1960s. New didactic methods such as source work and regional historical approaches were adopted, intended to give pupils greater insight into the individual areas of dictatorship and enable them to form their own opinion of the activities at that time. In the meantime, National Socialism is usually the area of German 20th century history dealt with in the most detail. The increasing distance in time to the period in question, the dissolution of the Socialist bloc, reunification and the multicultural nature of school classes have produced new teaching conditions, which on the one hand create a greater distance from the subject but on the other hand call for comparison of genocide, war and exile in the present time or from the history of other peoples. (By the author) 
Rwanda: In Search of Justice(Humains; no.30) Year of publication: 2024 Corporate author: Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture (ACAT France) On the thirtieth anniversary of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda, ACAT-France looks back at this tragic event for human rights. Discover the dossier in the magazine Humains #32 devoted to this subject. 
Before the Fire is Extinguished: The Commemoration Work at Nazi Memorial Sites as a Project of Political Learning Year of publication: 2003 Author: Peter Gstettner The original title: Bevor die Glut verlöscht: Die Erinnerungsarbeit an NS-Tatorten als ein Politisches Lernprojekt(In Jahrbuch für Pädagogik 2003)The author reflects upon his experience of reconstructing Nazi history in Germany. All efforts to spread light upon the dark sides of this history end up in the attempt to break the collective silence and to retune the song from “the good old times.” Memorial sites pedagogy and educational policies must decide the relevance of the past for the present, expose local Nazi history, and set the gaze, across the wall of silence, on the future. Tangible memory work and personal experiences of pain are steps towards makingxsubmerged memories, obliterated traces and forgotten places useful again for an education for democracy and tolerance. (Written by publisher) The above abstract is taken from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Education Research Project. Please also consult the full list of abstracts in 15 languages and the accompanying publication Research in Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust: A Dialogue Beyond Borders. Ed: IHRA, Monique Eckmann, Doyle Stevick, Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, 2017, Metropol Verlag at www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/publications. 
Between Distanced Textual Analysis and Moral Judgment – an Excerpt from Mein Kampf in History Class Year of publication: 2002 Author: Oliver Hollstein The original title: Zwischen Distanzierter Textanalyse und Moralischer Verurteilung – ein Auszug aus Mein Kampf im Geschichtsunterricht(Pädagogische Korrespondenz, 29, pp. 70–87)This case study analyses how students in a German Upper Secondary class works with an excerpt from Mein Kampf in a thematic block about the Nazi state’s racist ideology and propaganda.The above abstract is taken from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Education Research Project. Please also consult the full list of abstracts in 15 languages and the accompanying publication Research in Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust: A Dialogue Beyond Borders. Ed: IHRA, Monique Eckmann, Doyle Stevick, Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, 2017, Metropol Verlag at www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/publications. 
“Why Do We Have to We Apologize for It All the Time, We Can’t Help it”: History Education between Memory-Pedagogy Challenges and Fantasies about Effectiveness Year of publication: 2006 Author: Matthias Proske The original title: “Wieso Müssen Wir Uns Jedes Mal Wieder dafür Entschuldigen, Wir Können Doch Gar Nichts Mehr Dafür”: Geschichtsunterricht zwischen Erinnerungspädagogischen Herausforderungen und Wirksamkeitsphantasien(Widerstand sachunterricht, 7, pp. 1–10)Against the background of public expectations on the schools’ history education, the article connects a theoretical analysis of the changes in the German historical culture and their consequences for history education about the Holocaust and Nazism with a discussion about how students and teachers take on these themes in educational practice. This is exemplified with a case study from a 9th grade history class. The above abstract is taken from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Education Research Project. Please also consult the full list of abstracts in 15 languages and the accompanying publication Research in Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust: A Dialogue Beyond Borders. Ed: IHRA, Monique Eckmann, Doyle Stevick, Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, 2017, Metropol Verlag at www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/publications. 
Holocaust Education: How Students and Teachers Experience Teaching and Learning about National Socialism and the Holocaust Year of publication: 2008 Corporate author: Bayerische Landeszentrale fürpolitische Bildungsarbeit The original title: Holocaust Education: Wie Schüler und Lehrer den Unterricht zum Thema Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust Erleben(Bayerische Zeitschrift für Politik und Geschichte, 1(8) [Themenheft Einsichten und Perspektiven]) Special issue of a Journal presenting several articles of a pilot study carried out in Bayern, focusing on the subjective experiences and representations of teachers and students when dealing with the Holocaust and with National Socialism. The above abstract is taken from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Education Research Project. Please also consult the full list of abstracts in 15 languages and the accompanying publication Research in Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust: A Dialogue Beyond Borders. Ed: IHRA, Monique Eckmann, Doyle Stevick, Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, 2017, Metropol Verlag at www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/publications. 
Early Historical Learning about National Socialism and the Persecution of Jews: Family Conditions, Interests and Acquisition of Knowledge among Fourth Graders Year of publication: 2012 Author: Christina Klätte The original title: Frühes Historisches Lernen über Nationalsozialismus und Judenverfolgung: Familiäre Bedingungen, Interessen und Wissenserwerb bei Viertklässlern(Kinder und Zeitgeschichte: Jüdische Geschichte und Gegenwart, Nationalsozialismus und Antisemitismus Supplement 8, pp. 85–99) This is a quantitative study of German primary school children’s knowledge about the Holocaust. It demonstrates the importance of family background, family discussion and a general interest in history. It also displays how teachers’ willingness to bring up the Nazi period at a comparatively early age, among other things, depends upon the socio-economic status of the school children’s parents. The above abstract is taken from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Education Research Project. Please also consult the full list of abstracts in 15 languages and the accompanying publication Research in Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust: A Dialogue Beyond Borders. Ed: IHRA, Monique Eckmann, Doyle Stevick, Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, 2017, Metropol Verlag at www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/publications. 
The Memory of Nazism and the Migration Society: Fears, Experiences and Attributions. Intergenerational Historical Consciousness Year of publication: 2008 Author: Angela Kühner The original title: NS-Erinnerung und Migrationsgesellschaft: Befüchtungen, Erfahrungen und Zuschreibungen(Einsichten und Perspektiven, Bayerische Zeitschrift für Politik und Geschichte, 1(8), pp. 52-65) The articles deals with a specific part of the pilot-study (see Kühner et al. 2008) on teachers’ and students’ experiences and representations, i.e. with the dimension of a migration-society. The author suggests to use the idea of “a society of migration as a context,” instead of the “migrants as target group.” This approach allows the author to work out several ways in which the students and teachers position themselves towards the national-socialist past of German society, and how the attribution of guilt, shame or esponsibility to several groups of “Others” serves as an interactive pattern in a migration society. Migration can therefore offer on one hand a tool to project their own fears or feelings, but on the other hand, it can also offer an opportunity for dialog and a higher degree of reflexivity on the past and the present. The above abstract is taken from the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Education Research Project. Please also consult the full list of abstracts in 15 languages and the accompanying publication Research in Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust: A Dialogue Beyond Borders. Ed: IHRA, Monique Eckmann, Doyle Stevick, Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, 2017, Metropol Verlag at www.holocaustremembrance.com/resources/publications.