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Education Under Attack 2020 Year of publication: 2020 Corporate author: Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA) This study is published by the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA), which was formed in 2010 by organisations working in the fields of education in emergencies and conflict-affected contexts, higher education, protection, and international human rights and humanitarian law that were concerned about ongoing attacks on educational institutions, their students, and staff in countries affected by conflict and insecurity.GCPEA is a coalition of organizations that includes: co-chairs Human Rights Watch and Save the Children, the Council for At-Risk Academics (Cara), the Institute of International Education (IIE), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Education Above All Foundation (EAA), Plan International, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). GCPEA is a project of the Tides Center, a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization.  Education under Attack 2020 is the result of independent research conducted by GCPEA. It is independent of the individual member organizations of the Steering Committee of GCPEA and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Steering Committee member organizations.  Disinfodemic: Deciphering COVID-19 Disinformation (Policy Brief; 1) Year of publication: 2020 Author: Julie Posetti | Kalina Bontcheva Corporate author: UNESCO The purpose of this brief is to provide a structure for understanding the COVID-19 disinfodemic and the responses to it, highlighting practices which have a bearing on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the right to health and the right to freedom of expression. SDG 16.10 calls for “public access to information and fundamental freedoms”.  Désinfodémie: Déchiffrer la désinformation sur le COVID-19 (Note d’orientation; 1) Year of publication: 2020 Author: Julie Posetti | Kalina Bontcheva Corporate author: UNESCO Le but de cette note d’orientation est de présenter une structure pour comprendre la désinfodémie sur le COVID-19 et les réponses possibles, en mettant en évidence les pratiques liées aux Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations Unies, le droit à la santé et le droit à la liberté d’expression. L’ODD 16.10 appelle à « un accès public à l’information et aux libertés fondamentales ».  Desinfodemia: Descifrando la desinformación sobre el COVID-19 (Policy Brief; 1) Year of publication: 2020 Author: Julie Posetti | Kalina Bontcheva Corporate author: UNESCO El propósito de este resumen es presentar una estructura para comprender la ‘desinfodemia’ del COVID-19 y las respuestas respectivas, resaltando las prácticas pertinentes a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU, al derecho a la salud y al derecho a la libertad de expresión. EL ODS16.10 subraya la necesidad de “acceso público a la información y libertades fundamentales”.  COVID-19 and Human Rights: We Are All in This Together Year of publication: 2020 Corporate author: United Nations (UN) Human rights are key in shaping the pandemic response, both for the public health emergency and the broader impact on people’s lives and livelihoods. Human rights put people centre-stage. Responses that are shaped by and respect human rights result in better outcomes in beating the pandemic, ensuring healthcare for everyone and preserving human dignity. But they also focus our attention on who is suffering most, why, and what can be done about it. They prepare the ground now for emerging from this crisis with more equitable and sustainable societies, development and peace.This paper aims to translate this Call into concrete action to assist with the response to the pandemic. It presents six key messages that must be central to an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic.  Toward a More Inclusive Post-COVID Recovery: A Tool to Further the Caribbean Policy Agenda Year of publication: 2022 Author: Anna Kasafi Perkins | Stacy Richards-Kennedy | Don Marshall | R. Clive Landis Corporate author: UNESCO Kingston | University of the West Indies The Caribbean is a grouping of islands and low-lying coastal countries of sovereign nations and dependent territories that share a history of colonialism and coloniality,1 which has shaped and continues to shape their “complex mix of political and administrative structures”. Indeed, Caribbean nations experience a “paradoxical, type of political sovereignty and experience of development”. All Caribbean nations have been classified by the United Nations as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), taking account of “the peculiar social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities” they experience. Caribbean SIDS are highly indebted and vulnerable to climate change, hurricanes and other natural hazards. At the same time, theirs is a paradoxical existence as their vulnerabilities place them alongside least developed countries, in spite of some being designated by the World Bank as high or middle-income countries. Such classification limits access to the international financing needed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The “Hate Speech” Policies of Major Platforms during the COVID-19 Pandemic Year of publication: 2021 Corporate author: UNESCO Montevideo This document reports an increase in so-called “hate speech” posts on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although dissimilar, such an increase can be observed in the transparency reports of the different platforms and the surge in content moderation since March 2020.During the same period—as a result of the lockdown measures  adopted  in  most  countries  around  the world—platforms increased the use of AI tools for content  moderation.  Therefore,  we  can’t  fully  say whether the interannual growth is linked to increased posts or changes in monitoring systems.   Las políticas de las grandes plataformas sobre discurso de odio durante el Covid-19 Year of publication: 2021 Corporate author: UNESCO Montevideo Este documento da cuenta de un aumento de posteos considerados discurso de odio a partir de la llegada de la pandemia COVID-19 en Facebook, Twitter  y  YouTube.  Aunque  dispar,  ese  aumento puede establecerse a partir de los informes de transparencia de las distintas plataformas y los crecimientos registrados en la moderación de esos contenidos a partir de marzo de 2020.Dado que en ese mismo período, y como consecuencia de las medidas de aislamiento tomadas ven la mayoría de los países del mundo, las plataformas tomaron la decisión de aumentar el uso de  herramientas  de  inteligencia  artificial  en  sus procesos de moderación no es posible asegurar a ciencia cierta que ese crecimiento se haya registrado por un aumento en la creación y publicación de mensajes o a partir de un cambio en los sistemas de detección que afectó los resultados entre un año y otro.    School Closures and Regional Policies to Mitigate Learning Loss due to COVID-19: A Focus on the Asia-Pacific Year of publication: 2021 Corporate author: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Global school closures as a result of COVID-19 have caused learning losses for millions of children despite efforts to deploy remote learning options. Greater economic insecurity among families may also affect school enrolment as many struggle to pay school fees, or require children to work to supplement family income. Ultimately, this will lead to rising dropout rates, estimated to be as much as 4% in a region where 128 million children and young people were already out of school before COVID-19. The largest number of learners at risk reside in South and West Asia.Together, the education and economic fallout from the pandemic threaten progress toward the Sustainable Development Goal for education (SDG 4). Even prior to the COVID-19 disruptions, progress towards SDG 4 was lagging in many countries in the Asia-Pacific and without significant contributions to education finance, the pandemic threatens to push the region even further behind.This report breaks down the effects of school closures. It considers, for example, how many schools were closed, and when, across the Asia-Pacific, and the effects on different levels of education from early childhood education, through to primary and secondary school. The report analyses country efforts to implement remote learning, and strategies to mitigate learning losses as the proportion of students expected to fall below minimum proficiency levels is expected to rise.To achieve SDG 4, all children and young people, and especially those in marginalized groups, need support to get the education they need and deserve.  Research Report: A Comparative Study on Hybrid Learning in Schools Year of publication: 2024 Corporate author: UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE) During the COVID-19 lockdown, policymakers and educators faced an unprecedented challenge disrupting all levels of education. The initial optimism about replacing physical classes with virtual lessons diminished as complex interconnected issues emerged. To address the need for continuous and sustainable learning, school systems implemented variations of hybrid learning during the pandemic, seeking to integrate physical and virtual classes. These approaches prompted this comparative study led by UNESCO-IBE. The initial phase of this study involved collecting and analysing data on hybrid strategies from six countries. The research aimed to examine factors influencing hybrid learning implementation during the lockdown, with a subsequent focus on developing and validating a practical Hybrid Learning Framework for Schools. The cross-case analysis was designed not to rank or compare, but to understand and connect different scenarios and contexts. Phase I focuses on current hybrid learning practices and influencing factors, while Phases II and III will concentrate on using the information gathered to create and validate a Hybrid Learning Framework for Schools. Aligned with UNESCO-IBE’s overarching vision of a comprehensive, personalized, and democratized curriculum accessible to all, hybrid learning facilitates inclusive education across diverse regions, overcoming geographical and temporal limitations. The approach aims to unlock the unique potential of every learner, fostering a more flexible educational environment.