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Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research Year of publication: 2017 Author: Séraphin Alava | Divina Frau-Meigs | Ghayda Hassan Corporate author: UNESCO Does social media lead vulnerable individuals to resort to violence? Many people believe it does. And they respond with online censorship, surveillance and counter-speech. But what do we really know about the Internet as a cause, and what do we know about the impact of these reactions? All over the world, governments and Internet companies are making decisions on the basis of assumptions about the causes and remedies to violent attacks. The challenge is to have analysis and responses firmly grounded. The need is for a policy that is constructed on the basis of facts and evidence, and not founded on hunches or driven by panic and fearmongering. It is in this context that UNESCO has commissioned the study titled Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research. This work provides a global mapping of research (mainly during 2012-16) about the assumed roles played by social media in violent radicalization processes, especially when they affect youth and women. The research responds to the belief that the Internet at large is an active vector for violent radicalization that facilitates the proliferation of violent extremist ideologies. Les jeunes et l’extrémisme violent dans les médias sociaux inventaire des recherches: Inventaire des recherches Year of publication: 2017 Author: Séraphin Alava | Divina Frau-Meigs | Ghayda Hassan Corporate author: UNESCO Les médias sociaux incitent-ils des personnes vulnérables à recourir à la violence? Beaucoup le pensent et cherchent à y remédier par la censure, la surveillance des échanges en ligne et la diffusion de contre-discours. Mais que savons-nous réellement des effets de l’Internet et de l’impact de ces contre-mesures ? Partout dans le monde, les gouvernements et les opérateurs d’Internet prennent des décisions en s’appuyant sur de simples hypothèses en ce qui concerne les causes des actes de violence et les remèdes possibles. La question est de savoir si ces analyses et ces réponses reposent bien sur des bases solides. Il est essentiel que les politiques soient ancrées dans les faits et les données d’observation, et non fondées sur des intuitions ou dictées par la panique ou les efforts pour semer la peur. C’est dans ce contexte que l’UNESCO a commandé la présente étude intitulée Les jeunes et l’extrémisme violent dans les médias sociaux – Inventaire des recherches, qui propose un tour d’horizon mondial des recherches menées (principalement entre 2012 et 2016) sur les rôles que les médias sociaux sont supposés jouer dans les processus de radicalisation violente, en particulier ceux qui touchent les jeunes et les femmes. L’étude examine d’un oeil critique l’idée selon laquelle l’Internet en général serait un vecteur actif de radicalisation violente qui faciliterait la prolifération d’idéologies extrémistes violentes. Молодежь и насильственный экстремизм в социальных медиа: Сопоставление исследований Year of publication: 2017 Author: Séraphin Alava | Divina Frau-Meigs | Ghayda Hassan Corporate author: UNESCO Приводят ли социальные сети уязвимых людей к насилию? Многие люди верят, что это так. И они отвечают на такую возможность введением цензуры, слежкой и контрпропагандой. Но что мы действительно знаем об Интернете как о причине и что мы знаем о влиянии этих реакций? Во всем мире правительства и интернет-компании принимают решения на основе предположений о причинах и средствах защиты от насильственных нападений. Задача состоит в том, чтобы обеспечить надежные обоснования для проводимого анализа и принимаемых ответных мер. Необходима политика, которая строится на основе фактов и доказательств, а не основывается на догадках - или движимая паникой и страхом. Именно в этом контексте ЮНЕСКО заказала исследование под названием «Молодежь и насильственный экстремизм в социальных сетях». В данной работе представлено глобальное сопоставление исследований (проведенных в основном в период 2012-2016 гг.), посвященных изучению предполагаемой роли, которую играют социальные сети в процессах насильственной радикализации, особенно когда они затрагивают молодежь и женщин. 
ما هي العوامل التي تدفع الشباب إلى رفض التطرف العنيف؟: نتائج تحليل استكشا في تم إجراؤه في الضفة الغربية Year of publication: 2015 Author: Kim Cragin | Melissa A. Bradley | Eric Robinson | Paul S. Steinberg Corporate author: RAND Corporation أدت الهجمات الإرهابية المستمرة وتورط مقاتلين أجانب في سوريا والعراق إلى زيادة الاهتمام بين صانعي السياسات وإنفاذ القانون والصحفيين والأكاديميين على جانبي المحيط الأطلسي بشأن موضوع التطرف الإرهابي. العديد من العوامل التي تدفع الأفراد أو تدفعهم نحو التطرف محل نزاع داخل مجتمع الخبراء. بدلاً من فحص العوامل التي تؤدي إلى التطرف وارتكاب أعمال إرهابية ، يتخذ هذا التقرير مقاربة جديدة. ما هي العوامل التي تدفع الشباب إلى رفض التطرف العنيف؟ نتائج التحليل الاستكشافي في الضفة الغربية تعالج بشكل تجريبي موضوع لماذا يرفض الشباب التطرف العنيف. للقيام بذلك ، يركز المؤلفون على الضفة الغربية الفلسطينية. يبدأ التقرير بنموذج نظري ثم يختبر هذا النموذج بالبيانات التي تم جمعها من خلال المقابلات والمسح المنظم. في هذه الدراسة ، تم إجراء عشر مقابلات شبه منظمة مع سياسيين من حماس وفتح في عام 2012. إلى جانب هذه المقابلات ، أجرى المؤلفون مسحًا على 600 شاب (تتراوح أعمارهم بين 18 و 30 عامًا) يعيشون في الخليل وجنين ورام الله.تظهر النتائج الشاملة لهذا الجهد أن (1) رفض التطرف العنيف ، بالنسبة لسكان الضفة الغربية ، هو عملية ذات مراحل وخيارات متعددة في كل مرحلة. (2) تلعب الأسرة دورًا أكبر من دور الأصدقاء في تشكيل المواقف تجاه اللاعنف ؛ (3) الديموغرافيات ليس لها تأثير كبير على المواقف تجاه اللاعنف. و (4) تختلف مناهضة العنف نظريًا عن اختيار عدم الانخراط في العنف. What Factors Cause Youth to Reject Violent Extremism?: Results of an Exploratory Analysis in the West Bank Year of publication: 2015 Author: Kim Cragin | Melissa A. Bradley | Eric Robinson | Paul S. Steinberg Corporate author: RAND Corporation Continued terrorist attacks and the involvement of foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq have prompted a surge of interest among policymakers, law enforcement, journalists, and academics on both sides of the Atlantic on the topic of terrorist radicalization. Many of the factors that push or pull individuals toward radicalization are in dispute within the expert community. Instead of examining the factors that lead to radicalization and the commission of terrorist acts, this report takes a new approach. What Factors Cause Youth to Reject Violent Extremism? Results of an Exploratory Analysis in the West Bank empirically addresses the topic of why youth reject violent extremism. To do this, the authors focus on the Palestinian West Bank. The report begins with a theoretical model and then tests this model with data gathered through structured interviews and a survey. For this study, ten semistructured interviews were conducted with politicians from Hamas and Fatah in 2012. Along with these interviews, the authors conducted a survey among 600 youth (ages 18–30) who lived in Hebron, Jenin, and Ramallah.The overarching findings from this effort demonstrate that (1) rejecting violent extremism, for residents of the West Bank, is a process with multiple stages and choices within each stage; (2) family plays a greater role than friends in shaping attitudes toward nonviolence; (3) demographics do not have a significant impact on attitudes toward nonviolence; and (4) opposing violence in theory is distinct from choosing not to engage in violence. 
Address by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO on the occasion of the the Side Even “What Works and What Doesn’t in the Prevention of Violent Extremism (PVE)” Year of publication: 2017 Corporate author: UNESCO. Director-General, 2009-2017 (Bokova, I.G.) This Address was delivered by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO on the occasion of the the Side Even “What Works and What Doesn’t in the Prevention of Violent Extremism (PVE): A Discussion on UNESCO’s Actions and Launch of UNESCO’s Latest Publications”. 
Terrorist Attacks on Educational Institutions Year of publication: 2014 Author: Erin Miller Corporate author: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) | Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology The report describes historical patterns of terrorist attacks targeting educations institutions dating back to 1970. Since that year, more than 3,400 terrorist attacks targeting educations institutions took place in 110 countries. These attacks comprised 2.7 percent of all terrorist attacks worldwide during this time period. Terrorist Attacks on Educational Institutions Year of publication: 2014 Author: Erin Miller Corporate author: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) | Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Le rapport revient sur les attaques terroristes qui ont ciblé les institutions éducatives depuis 1970. A partir de cette année, on dénombre plus de 3.400 attaques terroristes qui avaient pour cible les institutions éducatives, dans 110 pays. Ces attaques représentent 2,7 % de l’ensemble des attaques terroristes perpétrées à travers le monde au cours de cette période. 
PREVENT: creating “radicals” to strengthen anti-Muslim narratives Year of publication: 2015 Author: Asim Qureshi Corporate author: Critical Studies on Terrorism The use of de-radicalization narratives in schools, universities and hospitals has led to the criminalization of large sections of the various Muslim communities in the UK. Based on different experiences we hope to present a view of how an aggressive anti-Muslim narrative that is based on assumptions subverts the political expression/identity of individuals by turning them into potential threats. By understanding the everyday interactions with PREVENT, a picture can be formed of the way that a false presentation of narratives can lead to a person becoming an “extremist” or “terrorist”, while the truth may lie in a completely alternative place. PREVENT: creating “radicals” to strengthen anti-Muslim narratives Year of publication: 2015 Author: Asim Qureshi Corporate author: Critical Studies on Terrorism L'utilisation des récits de déradicalisation dans les écoles, les universités et les hôpitaux a conduit à la criminalisation d’une fraction importante des différentes communautés musulmanes au Royaume-Uni. En se basant sur des expériences différentes, nous espérons montrer comment un récit agressif antimusulman qui se fonde sur des hypothèses bouleverse les opinions /l’identité des individus et les transforment en des menaces potentielles. Chercher à comprendre comment se font les interactions quotidiennes avec PREVENT permet de saisir comment une présentation erronée des récits de vie peut conduire à présenter une personne comme un « extrémiste » ou un « terroriste », alors que la réalité est tout à fait différente.