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The Development of Asian Primary Students’ Global Citizenship Literacy Scales: An Exploratory Study of Taiwan Primary Student (Educational Journal ; Vol.45, No.1) Year of publication: 2017 Author: 吴时省 | 蔡清华 This study aimed to develop an instrument to measure the effect of Taiwan’s policy on global education. Four constructs were developed, namely rights and responsibilities of global citizenship, competencies of global citizenship, participation of global citizenship, and reflection of global citizenship. The instrument was tested with a sample of 1,112 elementary school students in Taiwan. Content validity was established. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed construct validity. All the indexes were satisfied except the convergent validity. 亚洲小学生全球公民素养量表之发展：以台湾小学生为探索个案 (教育学报; Vol.45, No.1) Year of publication: 2017 Author: 吴时省 | 蔡清华 本研究主要目的在发展一份全球公民素养量表，作为台湾过去这些年来对于小学阶段全球教育努力成果的检视。透过文献分析，研究者归纳出全球公民素养四个构念，分别为「全球公民权利与义务」、「全球公民能力」、「全球公民参与」、「全球公民反思」，并根据这四个构念进行量表的编制和信效度的检核。研究样本为台湾各地小学生，总计1,112名。量表整体信度为.868，与各个效标工具的相关亦都至少达到.05显着水准；模式的考验方面，除了内在品质的聚敛效度稍嫌不理想外，其余结果都达到预期。 
A Study on the Influential Factors of E-learning Opportunity for Elementary School Students: Perspectives from Students, Parents and Schools (Educational Journal ; Vol.45, No.1) Year of publication: 2017 Author: 陈宇芃 | 林丰政 Based on the data from students, parents and schools of the 2013 Survey of Student Digital Ability and e-Learning Opportunity from the Academia Sinica’s Survey Research Data Archive, this article constructed a hierarchical linear model to analyze how students’ e-learning opportunity is related to the multilevel influence effects of school- and parent-level covariates. Quantile regression was also used to study different covariate effects at different quantile levels of student e-learning opportunity. Results indicate that: (1) Digital Level Area is a very important influential factor for students’ e-learning opportunity due to the reason that schools in higher Digital Level Area have more digital resources, and students are likely to have more opportunity for access to and frequent use of e-learning; (2) the more IT equipment or IT literacy students have can greatly affect their possession of e-learning opportunity; (3) parents should pay special attention to problems of their children resulting from overuse of e-learning resources which could cause harm to their children both mentally and physically; moreover, schools should widely promote the awareness of personal information security to students; (4) in order to eliminate the digital divide caused by Digital Level Area, schools need to strengthen the integration of software and information technology into instruction as far as possible. 国小学生数位学习机会影响因素之研究: 以学生、家长与学校观点探讨 (教育学报; Vol. 45, No.1) Year of publication: 2017 Author: 陈宇芃 | 林丰政 本研究以中央研究院学术调查研究资料库中「102年［2013年］学生数位学习及数位机会」的学生、家长、学校三方调查资料为基础，整合建立「学校给予学生数位学习机会」对「家庭数位学习机会影响学生数位学习机会」阶层线性模式，探讨当中的影响；亦进一步于学生数位学习机会的不同分量下，探究影响因素的变化。结果显示：（1）数位级区对于学生数位学习机会影响力极大，原因可能是数位级区愈高的学校可提供的数位资源较多，学生接触数位学习的机会亦较频繁；（2）学生拥有的设备愈齐全及对基本技能有一定素养，对其数位学习机会相对影响较大；（3）家长须留意学生的数位学习情形，防止因过度使用反而造成身心损害，学校亦应向学生加强宣导个人资料隐私的重要性；（4）学校应尽可能强化软体与科技融入教学，期能消弭因数位级区造成的差距。 
Basic education curriculum guide: building on strengths (Primary 1 - Secondary 3) Year of publication: 2002 Corporate author: Curriculum Development Council (Hong Kong) The Basic Education Curriculum Guide – Building on Strengths is prepared by the Curriculum Development Council (CDC) to advise school supervisors, school heads/principals, teachers, parents and those concerned on how to realise both the aims of education (EC, 2000) and the recommendations made in the report on Learning to Learn – The Way Forward in Curriculum Development (CDC, 2001) for life-long learning and the whole-persons development of students. This Guide replaces the Guide to the Primary 1 to 6 Curriculum (CDC, 1993) and the part on junior secondary level of the Guide to the Secondary 1 to 5 Curriculum (CDC, 1993). It aims to provide:• Recommendations of a central curriculum for schools and time allocation which all schools to adopt at primary and junior secondary levels• Suggestions for actions in school curriculum planning, learning and teaching and assessment to improve the quality of education, and for school-based adaptations to build on the strengths of Hong Kong schools as well as to meet the needs of students• Illustrative examples in authentic school contexts• Opportunities for reflection by school heads/principals, teachers and related parties Guide de Programme d'Éducation de Base: construire sur les forces (primaire 1 - secondaire 3) Year of publication: 2002 Corporate author: Curriculum Development Council (Hong Kong) Guide de Programme d'Éducation de ㅠase - Construire sur les Forces est préparé par le Curriculum Development Council (CDC) pour conseiller les superviseurs scolaires, les directeurs d'école / directeurs, les enseignants, les parents et les personnes concernées sur la façon de réaliser les objectifs de l'éducation (EC, 2000) et les recommandations formulées dans le rapport sur Apprendre à apprendre - Aller de l'avant dans le développement du curriculum (CDC, 2001) pour l'apprentissage à vie et le développement des personnes sistes des étudiants. Ce guide remplace la <cite> Guide du primaire 1 à 6 Curriculum (CDC, 1993) et la partie au niveau secondaire du premier cycle de la balise <cite> Guide du secondaire 1 à 5 Curriculum (CDC, 1993). Il vise à fournir: • Les recommandations d'un programme central pour les écoles et la répartition du temps qui toutes les écoles adoptent à des niveaux primaire et secondaire juniors • Suggestions pour des actions dans la planification des programmes scolaires, l'apprentissage et l'enseignement et l'évaluation pour améliorer la qualité de l'éducation, et pour adaptations scolaires pour construire sur les points forts des écoles de Hong Kong, ainsi que pour répondre aux besoins des élèves • des exemples illustratifs dans des contextes scolaires authentiques • Possibilités de réflexion par les chefs d'établissement / directeurs, les enseignants et les parties liées 基础教育课程指引——各尽所能 发挥所长 （小一至中三） Year of publication: 2002 Corporate author: Curriculum Development Council (Hong Kong) The Basic Education Curriculum Guide – Building on Strengths is prepared by the Curriculum Development Council (CDC) to advise school supervisors, school heads/principals, teachers, parents and those concerned on how to realise both the aims of education (EC, 2000) and the recommendations made in the report on Learning to Learn – The Way Forward in Curriculum Development (CDC, 2001) for life-long learning and the whole-persons development of students. This Guide replaces the Guide to the Primary 1 to 6 Curriculum (CDC, 1993) and the part on junior secondary level of the Guide to the Secondary 1 to 5 Curriculum (CDC, 1993). It aims to provide:• Recommendations of a central curriculum for schools and time allocation which all schools to adopt at primary and junior secondary levels• Suggestions for actions in school curriculum planning, learning and teaching and assessment to improve the quality of education, and for school-based adaptations to build on the strengths of Hong Kong schools as well as to meet the needs of students• Illustrative examples in authentic school contexts• Opportunities for reflection by school heads/principals, teachers and related parties 生活与社会课程指引（中一至中三) Year of publication: 2010 Corporate author: Curriculum Development Council (Hong Kong) The 21st century is a rapidly-developing era in which students face social, economic and political changes, which also bring diverse and complicated values. These have created opportunities and challenges on students’ personal development, learning and future careers. Schools have to provide an appropriate curriculum to cater for the needs of students on their personal growth and future development so Life and Society (S1-3) has been drawn up for this very purpose.With the advent of the first decade of the Millennium, Hong Kong has been experiencing rapid changes on the economic, social and political fronts. Facts such as greater economic integration with the mainland (particularly with the Pan-Pearl River Delta Region), opportunities and challenges brought about by rapid economic growth on the mainland, increasing global economic interdependence, greater social diversity and Hong Kong’s move towards universal suffrage for the selection of the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council will bring the next generation face to face with new social, economic and political landscapes as well as new ideologies. In a curriculum document prepared by the Curriculum Development Council the following statements were written: “…contemporary society has undergone significant changes and rapid development…” and “students…need to have an in-depth understanding of themselves, the local community, the nation and the world if they are to become confident, informed and responsible persons.”1 With the second decade just around the corner, schools must ensure that students become knowledgeable with these trends so that they can participate fully in the development of the society in the future.The introduction of Liberal Studies as a core subject in the senior secondary curriculum requires junior secondary students to acquire solid foundation knowledge on Personal Development and Interpersonal Relationships, Hong Kong Today, Modern China and Globalization, etc. The current S1-3 EPA and Social Studies were developed during the last century to meet educational needs at that time but they do not provide the essential learning experiences students need for tomorrow. Life and Society (S1-3) integrates and updates the curriculum for these two subjects and provides a broader perspective on life and society. It effectively supports progress in Liberal Studies and other PSHE subjects at senior secondary level.The open and flexible curriculum framework of the Personal, Social and Humanities Education Key Learning Area (hereafter “PSHE KLA”) enables schools to adopt different modes of curriculum organization to achieve the learning targets stated in Personal, Social and Humanities Education Key Learning Area Curriculum Guide (hereafter “PSHE KLA Guide”) (pp. 23-24). This curriculum framework has been implemented in schools for almost decade. In order to facilitate further development of the PSHE curriculum framework, a set of essential learning elements has been developed in Life and Society (S1-3) to serve as a frame of reference, against which schools can analyse and assess their own school-based curricula. This set of essential learning elements is a guide of schools to plan and make decisions on their curricula. 
Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide (Primary 1 to Secondary 6) Year of publication: 2012 Corporate author: Curriculum Development Council (Hong Kong) Cultivating students’ moral and national qualities has always been one of the main objectives of school education in Hong Kong. Since the return of sovereignty, promoting national education and enhancing students’ understanding of their country and national identity have become a common goal of primary and secondary schools. Moral and Civic Education (MCE) was made one of the Four Key Tasks in the curriculum reform undertaken by the Education and Manpower Bureau (Education Bureau) in 2001. To develop students’ positive values and attitudes has become an integral part of the curriculum framework for primary and secondary schools since then.In response to growing calls for enhancing the moral and national qualities of our youth, the Education Bureau (EDB) introduced the “Revised Moral and Civic Education Curriculum Framework” in 2008 and the contents of national education in relevant Key Learning Areas (KLAs) and subjects were enriched to strengthen the implementation of moral and national education.A considerable number of primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong have been actively promoting moral and national education. Apart from classroom learning and teaching, elements of MNE are also incorporated into related learning experiences/activities such as Mainland exchange programmes, visits, service learning and project learning. Students are provided with comprehensive and diversified learning experiences so as to cultivate their moral and national qualities. Building on the above favourable conditions and strengths in the curriculum, the Chief Executive stated in the “Policy Address 2010-11” in October 2010 that the Curriculum Development Council (CDC) would be invited to review the curriculum framework of moral and civic education at primary and secondary levels. To strengthen national education, the “Moral and National Education” (MNE) subject would be introduced to cultivate students’ moral and national qualities in a systematic and sustainable manner.The “Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide (Primary 1 to Secondary 6)”, prepared by the CDC of Hong Kong, sets out the aims and rationale of the curriculum and illustrates the curriculum framework, curriculum planning, learning and teaching, assessments and the use of learning and teaching resources to assist teachers in their preparation and implementation of this subject. The CDC of Hong Kong is an advisory body for the HKSAR Government on matters relating to curriculum development from pre-primary to senior secondary levels. Its members include school heads/principals, in-service teachers, parents, employers, and scholars in post-secondary institutions, professionals from relevant sectors or organisations, representatives from the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority and the Vocational Training Council of Hong Kong, and personnel of relevant departments of the EDB. Guide Pédagogique d'enseignement Moral et National (primaire1 à secondaire6) Year of publication: 2012 Corporate author: Curriculum Development Council (Hong Kong) Cultivant qualités morales et nationales des étudiants a toujours été l'un des principaux objectifs de l'enseignement scolaire à Hong Kong. Depuis le retour de la souveraineté, la promotion de l'éducation nationale et l'amélioration de la compréhension des élèves de leur pays et l'identité nationale sont devenus un objectif commun des écoles primaires et secondaires. L’Éducation Morale et Civique(EMC) a été l'une des quatre tâches clés de la réforme du curriculum entrepris par le Bureau de l'éducation et de la main-d'œuvre (Bureau de l'éducation) en 2001. Pour développer des valeurs et des attitudes positives des élèves est devenue une partie intégrante du cadre des programmes d'études pour les écoles primaires et secondaires depuis. En réponse aux appels de plus en plus pour améliorer les qualités morales et nationales de notre jeunesse, le Bureau de l'éducation (DBE) a présenté le «Cadre éducation morale et civique Curriculum" en 2008 et le contenu de l'éducation nationale dans les zones d'apprentissage clés pertinents (UCK) et les sujets ont été enrichis pour renforcer la mise en œuvre de l'éducation morale et nationale. Un nombre considérable d'écoles primaires et secondaires à Hong Kong ont été activement la promotion de l'éducation morale et nationale. En dehors de l'apprentissage en classe et de l'enseignement, des éléments de MNE sont également incorporés dans les expériences d'apprentissage / activités connexes telles que des programmes d'échange continentale, les visites, l'apprentissage du service et de l'apprentissage du projet. Les étudiants sont fournis avec des expériences globales et diversifiées d'apprentissage de façon à cultiver leurs qualités morales et nationales. Se fondant sur les conditions et les forces favorables ci-dessus dans le programme, le directeur général a déclaré dans le "Adresse politique 2010-11" en Octobre 2010 que le Conseil de Développement du /curriculum (CDC) serait invité à examiner le cadre des programmes de l'éducation morale et civique au niveaux primaire et secondaire. Pour renforcer l'éducation nationale, le (MNE) sujet «enseignement moral et national" serait introduit à cultiver des qualités morales et nationales des étudiants d'une manière systématique et durable.Le «enseignement moral et national Curriculum Guide (primaire 1 à secondaire 6)", préparé par le CDC de Hong Kong, définit les objectifs et la justification du programme et illustre le cadre des programmes d'études, de la planification des programmes d'études, l'apprentissage et l'enseignement,évaluations et l'utilisation des ressources d'apprentissage et d'enseignement pour aider les enseignants dans leur préparation et la mise en œuvre de ce sujet. La CDC de Hong Kong est un organe consultatif pour le gouvernement de la RASHK sur les questions relatives à l'élaboration des programmes de pré-primaire au deuxième cycle du secondaire. Ses membres comprennent des chefs d'établissement / directeurs, les enseignants, les parents, les employeurs et les chercheurs en service dans les institutions post-secondaires, les professionnels des secteurs concernés ou des organisations, des représentants des examens et de l'évaluation Autorité Hong Kong et le Conseil de la formation professionnelle de Hong Kong, et le personnel des services compétents de l'EDB.