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Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Arab States Region Year of publication: 2023 Corporate author: UNESCO Cairo "Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Arab State RegionUnderwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) is defined by UNESCO as “all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years such as: i. sites, structures, buildings, artefacts and human remains, together with their archaeological and natural context; ii. vessels, aircraft, other vehicles or any part thereof, their cargo or other contents, together with their archaeological and natural context; and iii. objects of prehistoric character”1.This definition relates primarily to the age and environmental conditions of the deposit, i.e., the remains must have existed fully or partially “underwater” for at least 100 years, regardless of their type, nature, or the culture to which they belong. Once these core elements have been confirmed, the archaeological material can be defined further according to one or more specific criteria: - chronology – the time period the remains date from; - region – the geographical area where the remains were found; - typology – the physical categorisation of the remains, e.g., pottery, animal bone, stone etc.It is important to recognise that while the above criteria will remain constant, the “underwater” nature of the archaeological remains is subject to change, as a result of either human or environmental intervention. For example, many sites where prehistoric activity took place on land, usually close to ancient shorelines, are • 1 - UNESCO. 2001. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Paris: Records of the General Conference, 31st ses-sion, Article.Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Arab State Regionnow submerged due to rising sea levels. Similarly, items such as swords, deposited in lakes or rivers as part of past rituals, were made and used on land. These sites and artefacts have therefore come to meet the definition of “Underwater Cultural Heritage”. The opposite process is also possible: a shipwreck, for example, or other material remains lifted from the seabed and placed in a museum would lose its status as UCH. This nuance tells us that UCH is not necessarily a constant scientific term. It relates to the underwater environment in which the material culture is located rather than any inherent archaeological or cultural attribute2. That is not to say that the material culture’s underwater location is not important: on the contrary, the underwater context reveals changes in use, condition and meaning over time. The physical changes that the underwater environment can cause, such as corrosion or decay, and the natural, social and ideological changes that underwater locations can reflect, therefore, are vital parts of a site or object’s life history. The underwater location is also a key factor in determining which scientific techniques and methods to use when dealing with this type of material culture for purposes of exploration, research, documentation, excavation, conservation, presentation or public display. Thus, the study of UCH usually requires the use of tools and techniques that differ from those employed on terrestrial archaeological sites3. For this reason, UCH is frequently mentioned in association with underwater archaeology, i.e., archaeological work, such as excavation, recording and analysis, that takes place on partially or fully submerged sites. Underwater archaeology is governed by the same scientific principles and standards as archaeological work on land but is tailored to the specific challenges of underwater conditions4. The term “underwater archaeology” is not, therefore, a sub-discipline of archaeology. Instead, it is a technical term referring to a specific set of tools and techniques used in conducting archaeological work underwater, within the wider framework and principles of archaeological research." 
How Effective Is the Role of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Protecting and Promoting Human Rights (The Arabic Journal of Human and Social Science; Vol.13, No.5) Year of publication: 2021 Author: Saffo Nardjesse Corporate author: University of Djelfa The issue of human rights remained the first in the list of human concerns and hopes, and one of the priorities that emerged on the shoulders of the United Nations within its established and difficult-to-reach programs and goals. There is no doubt that the most important causes of its emergence are attributable to those flagrant violations of human rights, especially those linked to war crimes and others against humanity, which prompted the major countries specifically to consider establishing a body concerned with the first of all the maintenance of international peace and security and the protection and promotion of human rights. , Through the Commission on Human Rights as one of the sub-committees established by the Economic and Social Council, which is tasked with preserving the sanctity of these rights. However, it soon proved ineffective due to the control of states violating human rights on the one hand and the politicization of their role on the other hand. Over the years, the committee dealt with human rights issues in ways that some commentators described as unsatisfactory and more sterile. As a result, the new body was established under the name of the "Human Rights Council" by General Assembly Resolution 60/251, and was considered the largest international body entrusted with the responsibility of promoting global respect. Human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without discrimination of any kind and in a just and equitable manner. Did the new mechanism, with its newly created composition, adequately address the weaknesses of the Commission on Human Rights? In other words, has the Human Rights Council added from its inception to today a greater value and contribution to the ؟protection and promotion of human rights? 
Religious Tolerance in Oman Year of publication: 2010 Author: Mohmmed Almamari Corporate author: Oman TV The documentary talks about religious tolerance in the Sultanate of Oman as an example, and about sectarian coexistence in the Sultanate. This issue is one of the problems of global citizenship in the Arab world. This experience makes director Wolfgang Etlsch approaching Islamic culture in the Sultanate of Oman using film model. He accompanies the viewer on a journey through the daily life of modern Oman and acquires an intimate knowledge of many aspects of society that are still hidden from Western visitors. The director is accompanied on his trip by an Omani who speaks German, which explains to him the social and cultural backgrounds of the Omani society. The film puts the foundation that Omani society is preparing its people as global citizens. 
The Role of Educational Institutions in Combating Sports Intolerance Year of publication: 2018 Author: Jamal Aldeen Alamarji In this paper, the researcher presents a discussion of how educational institutions can combat sports fanaticism. From this main question, the following sub-questions emerge:• What is meant by sports fanaticism?• What are the characteristics of a sports fanatic?• What are the causes of sports intolerance?• What are the obstacles that limit the role of educational institutions in eliminating sports fanaticism?• What is the hoped-for role for educational institutions to eliminate sports fanaticism? 
Intercultural Dialogue, the Sustainable Development Goals, the G20 Summit, and Global Citizenship Year of publication: 2020 Author: Haya Al Harqan Corporate author: Women for Intercultural Dialogue Group This video is a symposium for the LICD Women's Group Hosting Program. The guest of the symposium is Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abu Al-Nimr/ Senior Advisor to the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interreligious Dialogue between Cultures/ KAISEID. It dealt with 3 main attempts: dialogue and achieving the sustainable development goals of the United Nations SDGs, the Religious Values Forum of the Twenty Summit in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and global citizenship. The professor also praised the group’s work and its pioneering role, not only in the Kingdom, but in the entire Arab region, as it is a group based on the decision and full women’s sovereignty. 
Education for Sustainable Development Year of publication: 2021 Author: Younis Isa | Amara Aisha | Maiter Aisha This intervention aims to highlight the importance of education in order to achieve sustainable development, as one of the topics that receive great attention in all countries of the world, as an important issue at the present time, and the focus of its attention is to improve three basic aspects, and these aspects are related to the economic, social and environmental aspects, and to achieve This concept - sustainable development - must be taught to young people, and this is by including it in the educational curricula, and to teach sustainable development and its consolidation requires specific methods, and sustainable development needs components for its education, and these components must be taken into account in the educational process and environment, and sustainable development requires A set of approaches must be activated, and to consolidate sustainable development in education we follow several specific teaching methods for this purpose, and this is to help students in education for sustainable development. The intervention also highlighted some of the competencies necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development, as well as the needs of education for sustainable development. 
Promoting Education for Shared Life in Teacher Education Programmes Year of publication: 2022 Author: Worrod Gusi | Guy Barak | Roni Misrano Corporate author: Sikkuy-Aufoq The text talks about the reality of teacher preparation programs in teacher training institutions in Israel with regard to preparing teachers to understand common life. The first part discusses the promotion of the concept of joint citizenship in the qualification of teaching staff. The second part also proposes a comprehensive model for the development and promotion of education for shared life at Beit Berl Academic College. 
Representation and Presence of the Arab Community in Education Materials Year of publication: 2019 Author: Yael Maayan Corporate author: Sikkuy-Aufoq This paper seeks to examine the representation and presence of the Arab community in education subjects in Israel. It aims to deepen and reflect on the current situation in the field of education materials and the existing policy, and to suggest the required changes. It is a policy that attempts to offer Jewish school students a variety of forms of consideration and interaction with the Arab citizens of Israel. 
Environmental Education And Its Relationship to Sustainable Development for High School Students (Journal of College of Education; vol. 2, no. 41) Year of publication: 2020 Author: Ahmed Hassan | Batool Salman Corporate author: Wasit University The aim of this research is to identify the relationship between environmental education and sustainable development for students of the Fourth Scientific in secondary schools and high schools in Baghdad day schools. To achieve this, the researchers sought to answer the following questions:- There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores for the sample and the hypothetical average of the sustainable development scale that includes the environmental, economic and social dimensions.- There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores for the sampleand the hypothetical mean for the scale of environmental education In order to answer the study questions, (6) schools were chosen with (3) schools, including the Baghdad College for Boys Secondary School and (3) schools for girls in the random class method from the research community, and then the sample was approved in the random manner, as one division was chosen from the people The fourth scientific grade in each of these schools is random, after which the students from the people were randomly chosen, so that the number of the members of the research sample reached (218) male and female distributed equally between boys and girls. The researchers have prepared a scale for sustainable development with its three dimensions, the economic dimension, which consists of (30) paragraphs, the environmental dimension has reached (25) paragraphs, and the social dimension has reached (25) paragraphs. After extracting the results, it was found that there is a positive relationship between the variable of sustainable development with its three dimensions and the variable of environmental education. The study included a number of statistical tables to clarify the procedures of the study and its results. The study concluded with a number of recommendations and proposals 
8th Grade Environmental Awareness Year of publication: 2020 Author: Rima Mohessin Corporate author: National Center for the Development of Educational Curricula The video is a lesson for eighth graders in Syria. The lesson is from the national education book, entitled Environmental Awareness. The teacher starts talking about environmental awareness as a concept and goes into depth on environmental pollutants. The teacher also discusses positive and negative environmental behaviors with students.