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Educational Policies for Attention to Cultural Diversity: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru; volume 1 Year of publication: 2005 Author: Carolina Hirmas R. | Ricardo Hevia R. | Ernesto Treviño | Pablo Marambio V. Corporate author: UNESCO Santiago This publication consists of three volumes. The first is an analysis of how the educational policies of five countries in the region -Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru- address the issue of cultural diversity, both through its legislation and its curricular policies. teacher training and institutional management. The second presents a set of ethnographic studies conducted in these same countries in order to show how the phenomenon of "cultural discrimination" occurs in the daily life of the school, the opposite side of the "cultural pluralism" that the school is called to build. The third volume is a compendium of educational materials on five relevant topics about cultural diversity to be worked with teachers and students in schools. 
The Clandestine Schools in Ecuador. Roots of Intercultural Indigenous Education Year of publication: 2015 Author: María Isabel González Terreros By the mid-twentieth century in Ecuador, indians implemented clandestine schools to teach their people. Those schools were persecuted and harassed by landowners, who did not see pertinent that indians were educated. This was a pioneering, innovative and different project. Pioneer because it is the first known project with these features in Ecuador; innovative because it was leaded by Indians who took their cultural background to school (such as the teaching of ancestral language and some knowledge about nature and territory); and different because it was a proposal contrary to the homogenizing and assimilationist education that the Nation-state was implementing in rural areas. That proposal was led by Dolores Cacuango, a Quechua Indian who was subject to the hacienda system (in which communities did farm work for the employer, in exchange for a piece of land to live in with their families). She, who suffered injustice and had no chance to go to school, insisted that children and young people should "learn letter" (that is, they should learn Castilian). Las Escuelas Clandestinas en Ecuador. Raíces de la Wducación Indígena Intercultural Year of publication: 2015 Author: María Isabel González Terreros A mediados del siglo xx en Ecuador los indígenas implementaron escuelas clandestinas para enseñar a los suyos, escuelas que fueron perseguidas y hostigadas por los hacendados que no veían pertinente que los indígenas se educaran. Se trató de un proyecto pionero, novedoso y diferente. Pionero porque es el primero que se conoce con estas características en el Ecuador; novedoso porque fue dirigido por indígenas que llevaron los saberes culturales a la escuela, como la enseñanza del idioma ancestral y algunos conocimientos sobre la naturaleza y el territorio; y diferente porque fue una propuesta contraria a la educación homogeneizante y asimilacionista que el Estado-nación implementaba en zonas rurales. Esta propuesta fue dirigida por Dolores Cacuango, una indígena kichwa que estuvo sometida al sistema de hacienda, en el que las comunidades realizaban trabajos agrícolas para el patrón a cambio de tener un pedazo de tierra y vivir con sus familias. Ella, que vivió la injusticia y no tuvo la posibilidad de ir a la escuela, se empeñó en que los niños y jóvenes “aprendieran letra”. 
And the Right to the City? Approaches to Racism, Patriarchal Domination and Feminist Strategies of Resistance in Cali, Colombia Year of publication: 2015 Author: Vicenta Moreno Hurtado | Debaye Mornan This article seeks to give visibility to some spatial strategies of resistance developed by black women in the predominantly black district of Aguablanca District (DA), in eastern Cali, Colombia, against the systematic violence they are daily subjected to. We contextualize their practices within the systematic violence of displacement, paramilitaries terror and spatial segregation in the city. It also seeks to discuss how black women resist stigma, political marginalization and death in a city divided along racial and gender lines. The questions that guide this article are: What is the role of racism and patriarchal domination in the production of “geographies of violence” in Cali? What are the strategies of resistance developed by black women in these topographies of violence? Ultimately, the article seeks to fulfill a gap in academic discourses that silence on black women’s social suffering and that regard them as disorganized, a-political and passive victims. 
Citizenship and Collective Action in Latin America. Recent Trends Year of publication: 2005 Author: Marisa Revilla Blanco The following text intends to analyze those forms of collective action through which citizens have been present in the streets of the region during the last thirty years. It seeks to understand the actors and the conditions of their appearance and continuity; In this way, it is also intended to make a small contribution to the theoretical development of the analysis of social movements in Latin America. Ciudadanía y Acción Colectiva en América Latina. Tendencias Recientes Year of publication: 2005 Author: Marisa Revilla Blanco En el siguiente texto se pretende analizar esas formas de acción colectiva mediante las cuales la ciudadanía se ha estado haciendo presente en las calles de la región durante los treinta años más recientes. Se busca comprender los actores y las condiciones de su aparición y continuidad; de este modo, también se pretende hacer un pequeño aporte al desarrollo teórico del análisis de los movimientos sociales en América Latina.Este artículo está publicado en Estudios Políticos. [en linea] 2005, (Julio-Diciembre) 
Gender Justice, Citizenship and Difference in Latin America Year of publication: 2010 Author: Maxine Molyneux This article surveys feminist citizenship practices and scholarship on gender, justice, citizenship and rights in Latin America. Feminism’s critique of patriarchal privilege expressed a modern desire for greater individual freedom and collective recognition, a combination that produced tensions and some inconsistencies in regard to the «difference» question, notably in its encounter with indigenous populations. However, central to feminism’s project was the pursuit of both recognition and redistribution, which achieved greater success in the realm of law and politics than in the distribution of public and private goods. A review of Latin American feminism’s achievements reveals a history of substantial advances but a striking persistence of gender inequality, which provides a rich agenda for further investigation. Justicia de Género, Ciudadanía y Diferencia en América Latina Year of publication: 2010 Author: Maxine Molyneux Este artículo hace un recorrido por las prácticas feministas ciudadanas y los estudios sobre género, justicia, ciudadanía y derechos en América Latina. La crítica al privilegio patriarcal realizada desde el feminismo expresa un deseo moderno de mayor libertad individual y reconocimiento colectivo. Unas peticiones que han producido tensiones y algunas contradicciones en relación a la cuestión de la «diferencia», especialmente en el encuentro con los pueblos indígenas. No obstante, el feminismo siempre se ha dedicado a lograr tanto el reconocimiento como la redistribución; si bien, ha alcanzado más éxito en los terrenos legales y políticos que en la redistribución de recursos públicos y privados. El análisis de los logros del feminismo en América Latina revela una historia de éxitos significativos, pero parciales; y una serie de desafíos para futuras investigaciones al respecto. 
Construction of Citizenship: Experience of Implementing an Index of Citizen Participation in Latin America Year of publication: 2006 Author: Isidro Adúriz | Pablo Ava Corporate author: Universidad de Salamanca The aim of this paper is to establish the main conceptual and methodological lines in order to carry out an investigation about levels and forms of citizen participation. This paper is the result of the formation of a Citizen Participation Index in Latin America in its 2005 edition. It was promoted by the Inter-American Network for Democracy and implemented by the Economic and Social Research Foundation. Construcción de Ciudadanía: Experiencia de Implementación de un Índice de Participación Ciudadana en América Latina Year of publication: 2006 Author: Isidro Adúriz | Pablo Ava Corporate author: Universidad de Salamanca El objetivo del presente documento es establecer los principales lineamientos conceptuales y metodológicos para llevar a cabo una investigación que dé cuenta de los niveles y modalidades de participación ciudadana. El mismo está basado en la experiencia de la construcción del Índice de Participación Ciudadana en América Latina en su edición del año 2005 impulsado por la Red Interamericana para la Democracia e implementado por la Fundación de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales.