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Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Arab States Region Year of publication: 2023 Corporate author: UNESCO Cairo "Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Arab State RegionUnderwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) is defined by UNESCO as “all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years such as: i. sites, structures, buildings, artefacts and human remains, together with their archaeological and natural context; ii. vessels, aircraft, other vehicles or any part thereof, their cargo or other contents, together with their archaeological and natural context; and iii. objects of prehistoric character”1.This definition relates primarily to the age and environmental conditions of the deposit, i.e., the remains must have existed fully or partially “underwater” for at least 100 years, regardless of their type, nature, or the culture to which they belong. Once these core elements have been confirmed, the archaeological material can be defined further according to one or more specific criteria: - chronology – the time period the remains date from; - region – the geographical area where the remains were found; - typology – the physical categorisation of the remains, e.g., pottery, animal bone, stone etc.It is important to recognise that while the above criteria will remain constant, the “underwater” nature of the archaeological remains is subject to change, as a result of either human or environmental intervention. For example, many sites where prehistoric activity took place on land, usually close to ancient shorelines, are • 1 - UNESCO. 2001. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Paris: Records of the General Conference, 31st ses-sion, Article.Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Arab State Regionnow submerged due to rising sea levels. Similarly, items such as swords, deposited in lakes or rivers as part of past rituals, were made and used on land. These sites and artefacts have therefore come to meet the definition of “Underwater Cultural Heritage”. The opposite process is also possible: a shipwreck, for example, or other material remains lifted from the seabed and placed in a museum would lose its status as UCH. This nuance tells us that UCH is not necessarily a constant scientific term. It relates to the underwater environment in which the material culture is located rather than any inherent archaeological or cultural attribute2. That is not to say that the material culture’s underwater location is not important: on the contrary, the underwater context reveals changes in use, condition and meaning over time. The physical changes that the underwater environment can cause, such as corrosion or decay, and the natural, social and ideological changes that underwater locations can reflect, therefore, are vital parts of a site or object’s life history. The underwater location is also a key factor in determining which scientific techniques and methods to use when dealing with this type of material culture for purposes of exploration, research, documentation, excavation, conservation, presentation or public display. Thus, the study of UCH usually requires the use of tools and techniques that differ from those employed on terrestrial archaeological sites3. For this reason, UCH is frequently mentioned in association with underwater archaeology, i.e., archaeological work, such as excavation, recording and analysis, that takes place on partially or fully submerged sites. Underwater archaeology is governed by the same scientific principles and standards as archaeological work on land but is tailored to the specific challenges of underwater conditions4. The term “underwater archaeology” is not, therefore, a sub-discipline of archaeology. Instead, it is a technical term referring to a specific set of tools and techniques used in conducting archaeological work underwater, within the wider framework and principles of archaeological research." 
How Effective Is the Role of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Protecting and Promoting Human Rights (The Arabic Journal of Human and Social Science; Vol.13, No.5) Year of publication: 2021 Author: Saffo Nardjesse Corporate author: University of Djelfa The issue of human rights remained the first in the list of human concerns and hopes, and one of the priorities that emerged on the shoulders of the United Nations within its established and difficult-to-reach programs and goals. There is no doubt that the most important causes of its emergence are attributable to those flagrant violations of human rights, especially those linked to war crimes and others against humanity, which prompted the major countries specifically to consider establishing a body concerned with the first of all the maintenance of international peace and security and the protection and promotion of human rights. , Through the Commission on Human Rights as one of the sub-committees established by the Economic and Social Council, which is tasked with preserving the sanctity of these rights. However, it soon proved ineffective due to the control of states violating human rights on the one hand and the politicization of their role on the other hand. Over the years, the committee dealt with human rights issues in ways that some commentators described as unsatisfactory and more sterile. As a result, the new body was established under the name of the "Human Rights Council" by General Assembly Resolution 60/251, and was considered the largest international body entrusted with the responsibility of promoting global respect. Human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without discrimination of any kind and in a just and equitable manner. Did the new mechanism, with its newly created composition, adequately address the weaknesses of the Commission on Human Rights? In other words, has the Human Rights Council added from its inception to today a greater value and contribution to the ؟protection and promotion of human rights? 
Streamlining the Global Path to Gender Equality: The Role of Feminist Foreign Policy Year of publication: 2023 Corporate author: UN WOMEN Europe and Central Asia As of June 2023, 15 UN Member States introduced feminist lenses to their foreign policies (FFPs). The policy brief examines the various FFPs and identifies shared aspects and gaps across seven key themes: WPS, political participation, economic empowerment, diplomacy, official development assistance, human rights/humanitarianism, violence against women and girls. 
Religious Tolerance in Oman Year of publication: 2010 Author: Mohmmed Almamari Corporate author: Oman TV The documentary talks about religious tolerance in the Sultanate of Oman as an example, and about sectarian coexistence in the Sultanate. This issue is one of the problems of global citizenship in the Arab world. This experience makes director Wolfgang Etlsch approaching Islamic culture in the Sultanate of Oman using film model. He accompanies the viewer on a journey through the daily life of modern Oman and acquires an intimate knowledge of many aspects of society that are still hidden from Western visitors. The director is accompanied on his trip by an Omani who speaks German, which explains to him the social and cultural backgrounds of the Omani society. The film puts the foundation that Omani society is preparing its people as global citizens. 
Teaching Russian Language to Students from Turkmenistan (Philological Class; vol.26, no.4) Year of publication: 2021 Author: Armine A. Grigoryan | Evgeniya B. Popkova In the last few years, there has been great interest on the part of the younger generation of the former Soviet republics in obtaining higher education in Russia. In this regard, the problem of Russian language training for foreign applicants entering bachelor’s or master’s degree programs at universities of the Russian Federation is becoming rather urgent. The purpose of the article is to consider the main factors – linguistic and extralinguistic, which hinder the successful teaching of Russian as a foreign language, and to develop methods guides aimed at the formation of the Russian language communicative competence among Turkmen students. 
Promoting Education for Shared Life in Teacher Education Programmes Year of publication: 2022 Author: Worrod Gusi | Guy Barak | Roni Misrano Corporate author: Sikkuy-Aufoq The text talks about the reality of teacher preparation programs in teacher training institutions in Israel with regard to preparing teachers to understand common life. The first part discusses the promotion of the concept of joint citizenship in the qualification of teaching staff. The second part also proposes a comprehensive model for the development and promotion of education for shared life at Beit Berl Academic College. 
Representation and Presence of the Arab Community in Education Materials Year of publication: 2019 Author: Yael Maayan Corporate author: Sikkuy-Aufoq This paper seeks to examine the representation and presence of the Arab community in education subjects in Israel. It aims to deepen and reflect on the current situation in the field of education materials and the existing policy, and to suggest the required changes. It is a policy that attempts to offer Jewish school students a variety of forms of consideration and interaction with the Arab citizens of Israel. 
Toward a More Inclusive Post-COVID Recovery: A Tool to Further the Caribbean Policy Agenda Year of publication: 2022 Author: Anna Kasafi Perkins | Stacy Richards-Kennedy | Don Marshall | R. Clive Landis Corporate author: UNESCO Kingston | University of the West Indies The Caribbean is a grouping of islands and low-lying coastal countries of sovereign nations and dependent territories that share a history of colonialism and coloniality,1 which has shaped and continues to shape their “complex mix of political and administrative structures”. Indeed, Caribbean nations experience a “paradoxical, type of political sovereignty and experience of development”. All Caribbean nations have been classified by the United Nations as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), taking account of “the peculiar social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities” they experience. Caribbean SIDS are highly indebted and vulnerable to climate change, hurricanes and other natural hazards. At the same time, theirs is a paradoxical existence as their vulnerabilities place them alongside least developed countries, in spite of some being designated by the World Bank as high or middle-income countries. Such classification limits access to the international financing needed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. 
World Heritage: Testimonies to Our Humanity Year of publication: 2022 Corporate author: UNESCO The Convention for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage is an international agreement based on the principle that some places on Earth embody outstanding universal value that should be part of the shared heritage of humankind. UNESCO recognizes cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value, and protects them for the benefit of all. As a basis for mutual understanding and dialogue, the responsibility for protecting our shared heritage requires cooperation among all States Parties as well as civil society, local communities and the private sector. The idea of reconciling the conservation of cultural sites with that of natural sites originated in the United States of America. A White House conference in Washington, D.C., in 1965 called for the creation of a “World Heritage Foundation” that would stimulate international cooperation to protect “the most extraordinary places, landscapes, and historic sites for the present and future of all mankind.” In 1968, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) made similar proposals to its members. These proposals were presented at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972. Eventually, all parties concerned agreed on a single text. The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. In recognizing both cultural and natural aspects of heritage, the Convention reminds us of the interaction between human beings and nature and the fundamental need to preserve the balance between the two. 
We Need to Talk: Measuring Intercultural Dialogue for Peace and Inclusion Year of publication: 2022 Corporate author: UNESCO | Institute for Economics and Peace An analysis into the power of intercultural dialogue and the new UNESCO Framework for Enabling Intercultural Dialogue, We Need to Talk presents the first evidence of the link between intercultural dialogue and peace, conflict prevention and non-fragility, and human rights. Using data covering over 160 countries in all regions, the report presents a framework of the structures, processes and values needed to support intercultural dialogue, examining the dynamics and interlinkages between them to reveal substantial policy opportunities with broad spanning benefits. Providing policy support and guidance, the report also includes information on regional trends as well as deep diving case studies.The data, case studies, and think pieces contained in this report highlight key policy and intervention opportunities for intercultural dialogue as an instrument for inclusion, peace and wider societal benefits. Policy makers, development workers, peace and security actors, academics and more are invited to leverage the analysis in this report and findings of the Framework to strengthen intercultural dialogue around the world.