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أثر التغير في النظام الدولي على السياسات الخارجية للدول العربية 1990م - 2005م Year of publication: 2008 Author: Ali Awad Al Sharaa تبحث هذه الدراسة في ماهية التغيرات التي حدثت في النظام الدولي، وخصوصا بعد عام 1990م، ومدى أثرها على السياسات الخارجية للدول العربية، وذلك من خلال مناقشة حالتي دراسة وتحليلهما، وهما: القضية الفلسطينية، والشراكة العربية الأوروبية (الشراكة الأوروبية المتوسطية). The Impact of the Change in the International System on the Foreign Policies of the Arab Countries 1990-2005 Year of publication: 2008 Author: Ali Awad Al Sharaa This paper investigates the changes in the international order since 1990 and analyzes its impact on the foreign policies of the Arab countries, building on the assumption that the new World Order (Uni polar) has not left much space of maneuver before the middle and small states to have independent foreign policy. The study investigates the impact by analyzing two cases :the Palestinian issue in the foreign policies of the Arab countries, and the Euro-Arabian partnership (the euro Mediterranean partnership). 
Children, Food and Nutrition: Growing Well in a Changing World Year of publication: 2019 Corporate author: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) This 2019 edition of The State of the World’s Children (SOWC) examines the issue of children, food and nutrition, providing a fresh perspective on a rapidly evolving challenge. Despite progress in the past two decades, one third of children under age 5 are malnourished – stunted, wasted or overweight – while two thirds are at risk of malnutrition and hidden hunger because of the poor quality of their diets. At the center of this challenge is a broken food system that fails to provide children with the diets they need to grow healthy. This report also provides new data and analyses of malnutrition in the 21st century and outlines recommendations to put children’s rights at the heart of food systems. 
Every Child Learns: UNICEF Education Strategy 2019–2030 Year of publication: 2019 Corporate author: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) The gap between the levels of learning that education systems are providing and what children, communities and economies need, is growing. The breadth and depth of this learning crisis constitute the greatest global challenge to preparing children and adolescents for life, work and active citizenship. The lesson of the learning crisis is clear: the conventional assembly of education inputs is not improving learning outcomes. This presents a fundamental challenge to the way that governments, development partners and communities are managing and supporting education systems. A new, more radical approach that focusses on enhancing learning outcomes is long overdue and forms the basis for this strategy.The report also outlines the shift towards a greater focus on improving learning outcomes, including supporting the breadth of skills that allow young people to become agile, adaptive learners and citizens, equipped to navigate personal, social, academic, economic and environmental challenges. 
Charlevoix Declaration on Quality Education for Girls, Adolescent Girls and Women in Developing Countries Year of publication: 2018 Corporate author: G7 The Charlevoix Declaration is a commitment from the Leaders of the G7 to work towards inclusive, quality, equitable education for girls, adolescent girls, and women in developing countries and crisis contexts.The Charlevoix Declaration on Quality Education for Girls, Adolescent Girls and Women in Developing Countries represents a joint effort from the Leaders of G7 countries to step up for girls and women in conflict and crisis contexts. Focusing both on dismantling the barriers to education and improving the quality of education, the G7 have committed to promote and improve learning outcomes for both refugees and host communities, while also working to reduce the time children and youth, especially girls, are out of school as a result of conflict and displacement.To support the implementation of the Charlevoix Declaration, Canada also led the mobilization of CDN $3.8+ billion. With contributions from the World Bank, the European Union, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom, this initiative represents the single largest investment in education for girls in conflict and crisis settings. 
المجتمع المدني وبناء الدولة المدنية الديمقراطية: مقاربة سياسية Year of publication: 2016 Author: Tareq Ziad Abu Hazeem تؤصل هذه الدراسة لمفهومي المجتمع المدني والدولة المدنية, كما تتناول بالبحث والتحليل المجتمع المدني والدولة المدنية من حيث: الوصف والهدف والسيرورة التاريخية, وطبيعة المجتمع المدني, وكذلك تطابق مقومات الدولة المدنية مع الديمقراطية. حيث يكتسب الحديث عن المجتمع المدني والدولة المدنية الديمقراطية, بما يتضمن من دراسات ونقاشات وطروحات, أهمية قصوى في بلداننا العربية, بالإضافة لسعيها إلى توضيح دور المجتمع المدني في بناء الدولة المدنية الديمقراطية. وقد استخدم الباحث منهج تحليل النظم لتبيان العلاقة بين فعالية المجتمع المدني وبناء الدولة المدنية الديمقراطية, وبعد جمع البيانات حول قضايا الدراسة وتحليلها وربطها وتفسيرها, فقد وضّحت الدراسة الصلة بين المجتمع المدني والدولة المدنية والديمقراطية, كون هذه الثلاث تمثل أهم قنوات المشاركة الشعبية, إضافة إلى أن فعالية المجتمع المدني تزيد من فرص المشاركة السياسية، وتدعم قيم الديمقراطية، وترسخ قيم المواطنة، وسيادة القانون، وهي المكونات الرئيسة للدولة المدنية. كما بينت النتائج وجود علاقة ايجابية وثيقة، وقوية، وهامة بين مقومات نشأة المجتمع المدني الفاعل، وبين قيام الدولة المدنية الديمقراطية، وإن المجتمع المدني بمؤسساته، وتنظيماته، وقدرته على التنسيق، والتنظيم الاجتماعي، يزيد من حضور، وقوة الدولة، وقوة سلطات مؤسساتها الفاعلة, ويحد من تغوُّل سلطاتها نحو الأفراد، لتصبح دولة مدنية ديمقراطية, وإن الإرادة الذاتية، والجماعية، وتهيئة الجماهير، وتوعيتهم بأهمية التحديث، والتنمية، والتطوير من جهة, وتفعيل مؤسسات المجتمع المدني من جهةٍ أخرى، يؤدي حتما إلى ترقية الدولة إلى دولة مدنية ديمقراطية. ومن أهم توصيات الدراسة ضرورة السير نحو التحرر من المفهوم الكلاسيكي الحديث للدولة كمركز أحادي، ووحيد التنظيم، والتنسيق الاجتماعي لصالح منظمات المجتمع المدني. كلمات مفتاحية: المجتمع المدني، الدولة المدنية، الديمقراطية. Civil Society and Building a Democratic Civil State: A Political Approach Year of publication: 2016 Author: Tareq Ziad Abu Hazeem The purpose of this study is to find a foundation for the concepts of the 'civil society' and the 'civil state'. It examines and compares both from different dimensions: description, purpose, objectives, history, the reality of the civil society and finally, to what extent they are similar. Most discussion is about civil society and civil democratic state, including studies, discussions and arguments, because of their importance in the Arab countries. In addition, this discussion seeks to clarify the role of civil society in building a democratic civil state. The researcher uses the systems analysis to point out the relationship between how active the civil society is and the establishment of the democratic civil state. After collecting and analyzing related statistics, this study has shown how much the civil society, the concept of democracy, and the state are related. The three represent the most important channels of public participation. In addition, the activeness of the civil society increases opportunities of political participation, supports the values of democracy and citizenship, and enhances the sovereignty of law.The three are the major components of the civil state. The results have revealed a number of facts: (1) there is a strong positive relation between the reasons behind the establishment of an active civil society and the establishment of the democratic civil society. Furthermore, (2) the civil society, its institutions and organized units, its ability of social coordination have created a strong state with powerful active institutions and limited the dominance of the society's powers over individuals. This has created a democratic civil state. (3) Individual and communicative will, increasing the public awareness of the importance of modernization and development, as well as stimulating the role of the active civil society lead to the development of a simple state to a democratic one. The study concludes with a major recommendation: the classical concept of the modern state as an independent uni-center of an isolated social coordination should be abandoned for the civil social organizations. 
العدالة الاجتماعية وسياسات الإنفاق العام في دول الثورات العربية Year of publication: 2014 Author: Ali Abdul Qadir Ali Corporate author: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies تهدف هذه الورقة إلى إبراز التحدّي الذي سيواجه دول الثورات العربية في صوْغها سياسات إنفاقٍ عامّ تلبّي ما طالبت به الثورات. في سبيل ذلك، تنظر الورقة إلى الثورات العربية بوصفها سعيًا نحو تأسيس أنظمة حكم ديمقراطية؛ بمعنى إنشاء مؤسسات سياسية تعددية وما يعني ذلك لكفاءة المؤسسات الاقتصادية. وتقترح الورقة أن طبيعة تحدّي صوْغ إنفاق عامّ ملائمة لطموحات الثورات في تحقيق عدالة اجتماعية تتمثّل في خلوّ جعبة المؤسسات الدولية المانحة للعون التنموي، كما يمثّلها صندوق النقد الدولي، من فكرٍ تنموي جديد في مجال صوْغ سياسات الإنفاق العامّ على الرغم من وجود الشواهد التطبيقية التي توضح نجاعة سياسات الإنفاق العامّ التوزيعية في تحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية. وهي شواهد تستعرضها الورقة، التي تعرض أيضًا نتائج تطبيقية ناجمة عن حجم الطبقة الوسطى في عيّنة دول الثورات العربية، وتوضح أن هذه الطبقة تمثّل أغلبية السكّان في هذه الدول، وتقترح أن الانتقال إلى نظام حكم ديمقراطي يستند إلى تفضيلات الناخبين من شأنه أن يفرض اتّباع سياسات إنفاق عامّ توزيعية، حيث يقوم الناخب الوسيط بدور محوري في اختيار مثل هذه السياسات. Social Justice and Public Expenditure Policies in the Arab Revolutions Year of publication: 2014 Author: Ali Abdul Qadir Ali Corporate author: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies This paper examines the challenges faced by Arab spring states when formulating public expenditure policies that meet the revolutions’ demands. In an attempt to establish democratic regimes, the Arab revolutions dictated the creation of pluralist political institutions with concomitant implications for economic institutions. The paper suggests that the challenge of formulating a public expenditure policy in line with the revolutions’ aspirations for social justice lies in the inability of international development agencies, such as the IMF, to propose new and innovative ideas for formulating development policy. However, there are successful applied examples of distributive public expenditure policies for creating social justice. The paper reviews these examples in addition to the results of a survey identifying the size of the middle class in samples of Arab spring states. The survey demonstrates that the middle class represents a majority of population in these countries, suggesting that the transition to electoral democracy requires adopting distributional public expenditure policies in which the middle class voter occupies a central role. 
Déclaration Finale de la Réunion Mondiale sur l’EPT 2014 Accord de Mascate Year of publication: 2014 Corporate author: UNESCO This statement is agreed by Ministers, heads of delegations, leading officials of multilateral and bilateral organizations, and senior representatives of civil society and private sector organizations at the Global Education for All (EFA) Meeting in Muscat, Oman on May 12-14, 2014. Recalling the GEM 2012 Final Statement, the conference took note of the 2013/14 EFA Global Monitoring Report, the regional EFA reports, the Resolution of the 37th session of UNESCO's General Conference on Education Beyond 2015, the Decision of the Executive Board of UNESCO at its 194th session and the Joint Proposal of the EFA Steering Committee on Education Post-2015.