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Foundations for Building Forward Better: An Education Reform Path for Lebanon 발행 연도: 2021 단체 저자: World Bank Human capital development is a critical determinant of economic growth, equity, and prosperity, but outcomes in this domain are worryingly low inLebanon, risking the future of generations of children. Lebanese children lag behind their peers in human capital development—measured accordingto the World Bank (2020c) Human Capital Index—suggesting that the future productivity of the labor force and the country’s trajectory for equitablegrowth is at risk (World Bank 2020b). The Human Capital Index indicates that children born in Lebanon today will reach, on average, only 52 percentof their potential productivity when they grow up. This is lower than the average estimates for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region(57 percent) and upper-middle-income countries (56 percent). Lebanon’s poor performance on the Human Capital Index is largely attributed to theeducation outcomes calculated for the index. If actual years of schooling, which average approximately 10.2 years in Lebanon, are adjusted for actual learning, effective years of schooling are 40 percent less—on average, only 6.3 years of actual learning (World Bank 2020b). The most recent school closures were due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with schools being closed over 75 percent of the school year between January 2020 and February 2021.1 This will likely lead to a further and significant decrease in learning: effectively, students are facing a lost year of learning (Azevedo et al. 2021). 
What’s Next? Lessons on Education Recovery: Findings From a Survey of Ministries of Education Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic 발행 연도: 2021 단체 저자: UNESCO | United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | World Bank | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have collaborated in the third round of the Survey on National Education Responses to COVID-19 School Closures, administered by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and OECD to Ministry of Education officials. The questions covered four levels of education: preprimary, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary. While the first two rounds of the survey were implemented during the periods May–June and July–October 2020, respectively, the third round was implemented during the period February–June 2021. In total, 143 countries responded to the questionnaire. Thirty-one countries submitted responses to the OECD (“OECD survey”) and 112 countries responded to the UIS (“UIS survey”). Seven countries responded to both surveys. In these instances, the more complete set responses were used in analysis. 
Advancing Arabic Language Teaching and Learning: A Path to Reducing Learning Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa 발행 연도: 2021 저자: Laura Gregory | Hanada Taha Thomure | Amira Kazem | Anna Boni | Mahmoud Abduh A. Elsayed | Nadia Taibah 단체 저자: World Bank The purpose of the present report is to identify and explore the evidence on factors that are leading to high rates of learning poverty in MENA countries. In addition, the report proposes a path for countries of the region to make the teaching and learning of the Arabic language—which are critical foundations for children in Arabic-speaking countries—more effective. The intended audience of the report is education stakeholders in the MENA region, including officials in ministries of education across the region, those responsible for education decision-making, teachers, academics, education administrators, parents, and nongovernmental organizations, as well as World Bank and partner organization staff tasked with supporting countries in their efforts to raise learning and human capital.The intention of the report is not to provide an Arabic literacy strategy for each country since countries of the region differ and each would need to have their own national dialogue. Instead, the report collates the relevant literature from the region and beyond, as well as local and regional initiatives, and offers guidance to countries to advance the teaching and learning of MSA. As such, the report does not focus on the broader issues of language use within each country. As part of the process of developing the report, a summary of the emerging evidence and recommendations was shared with a small group of teachers from two countries across the region in advance of a focus group discussion to explore local views. Unanimous agreement on the key findings and recommendations were expressed by these teachers. Further discussions on the topics raised in this report are expected to take place during the dissemination of this report and in the months and years to come, leading to greater consensus across stakeholders on the best ways to advance Arabic language teaching and learning.The report is structured in a way that first explores the incidence of learning poverty in the MENA region, followed by international evidence on the science of learning to read, and factors that are influencing Arabic language learning outcomes. The report then looks at some of the national strategies, policies, and initiatives already in place for Arabic language education, and proposes a path for advancing Arabic language teaching and learning, along with suggestions for regional collaboration efforts that could further support MENA countries. 
Achieving SDG4 Through a Human Rights Based Approach to Education: World Development Report 2018 Background Paper 발행 연도: 2018 저자: Kate Moriarty 단체 저자: World Bank Quality education is a critical dimension for the achievement of sustainable development. The renewed political commitment set out in sustainable development goal 4 (SDG4) is an opportunity to ensure strong coherence between education policy and the right to education first articulated more than 70 years ago. This paper presents the results of a desk-based study on a human rights-based approach to education (HRBAE) in the context of SDG4. It explores the ways in which such an approach can guide policy, planning, and the delivery of education in observance with agreed international frameworks providing for the right to education. The paper argues that the human rights conventions on the right to education are not passive instruments designed to remain only at the level of discourse but, as legal obligations, require action from the state and should be central in the development of education services, including in the context of large scale displacement and crisis. This paper outlines the legally binding commitments of the right to education. It considers how these can be applied practically through a HRBA-E to address the continuing barriers to access and completion of quality education and learning. 
Loud and Clear: Effective Language of Instruction Policies for Learning 발행 연도: 2021 단체 저자: World Bank This paper describes the new World Bank policy approach on language of instruction(LoI), as part of the operationalization of the literacy policy package in support of the Bank’s new learning target. This new approach aims to support progress on language of instruction(LoI) Policies and interventions, as loi-based challenges are identified and addressed in light of each country’s context. Haut et fort: Politiques efficaces de Langue d’Enseignement Pour l’Apprentissage 발행 연도: 2021 단체 저자: World Bank Ce document décrit la nouvelle approche de la politique de la Banque mondiale en matière de langue d’enseignement, en tant que composante dans l’opérationnalisation du paquet de politique de littératie en appui au nouvel objectif d’apprentissage de la banque. Cette nouvelle approche vise à soutenir les progrès dans le domaine des politiques et des interventions en matière de LE (Langue d'Enseignement), dans la mesure où les défis liés à la PLE(Politique de Langue d'Enseignement) sont identifiés et traités à la lumière du contexte de chaque pays. 
Educate Girls: Improving the Quality and Outcomes of Girls’ Learning 발행 연도: 2017 단체 저자: World Bank In India, women and girls, especially in rural areas, are particularly affected by the country’s illiteracy problem, since they face discrimination based on their sex and need for childbearing. In Rajasthan, the north- western Indian state that borders Pakistan, 9 out of 26 districts have the worst gender gap in India for girls’ education.Established in 2007, Educate Girls is holistically tackling issues at the root cause of gender inequality in India’s education system that has helped to ensure over 90% enrollment and significantly higher attendance for all girls as well as improved school infrastructure, quality of education and learning outcomes for all children.As a result of Educate Girls’ efforts to date, an army of “girls champions” has been created to combat cultural issues and support systemic change. More than 150,000 out-of-school girls have been enrolled in school and the program has benefitted around 3.8 million of beneficiaries. Continuing to address the social and cultural barriers in girls’ education can bring about real transformation, such as improvement in health, income levels, and overall livelihoods in rural populations. 
Supporting Early Childhood Development: From Science to Large-Scale Application 발행 연도: 2016 저자: The Lancet 단체 저자: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | World Bank | World Health Organization (WHO) This document summarizes the series of articles on Early Childhood Development published by The Lancet in 2016. It presents new scientific evidence that supports interventions and proposes measures to be applied in large-scale child development programs. The series emphasizes "loving care sensitive to the needs of the child", especially up to three years of age, as well as multisectoral interventions that, taking the health sector as a starting point, allow reaching many families and young children through health and nutrition. Apoyando el desarrollo en la primera infancia: De la ciencia a la aplicación a gran escala 발행 연도: 2016 저자: The Lancet 단체 저자: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | World Bank | World Health Organization (WHO) Este documento resume la serie de artículos sobre Desarrollo en la primera infancia que publicó The Lancet en 2016. Presenta nueva evidencia científica que fundamenta intervenciones y propone medidas a ser aplicadas en programas de desarrollo infantil a gran escala. La serie hace hincapié en el “cuidado cariñoso y sensible a las necesidades del niño”, sobre todo hasta los tres años de edad, así como en las intervenciones multisectoriales que, tomando el sector salud como punto de partida, permiten llegar a muchas familias y niños pequeños a través de la salud y la nutrición. 
موجز التقرير العالمي حول الإعاقة 발행 연도: 2011 단체 저자: World Health Organization (WHO) | World Bank قامت منظمة الصحة العالمية بالاشتراك مع البنك الدولي في إصدار هذا التقرير العالمي حول الإعاقة، من أجل عرض البيِّنات اللازمة لوضع السياسات والبرامج المبتكرة القادرة على تحسين حياة ذوي الإعاقة، وتيسير تنفيذ اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لحقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة التي تم تفعيلها في أيار/مايو من عام 2008. ويقدم التقرير العالمي تعريفا عن الإعاقة بوصفها مصطلحاً جامعاً يضم تحت مظلته الأشكال المختلفة للاعتلال/الخلل العضوي، ومحدودية النشاط، والقيود التي تحد من المشاركة. كما أن مصطلح الإعاقة يعود إلى السمات السلبية للتفاعل بين الأفراد الذين يعانون من حالة صحية ما )مثل الشلل الدماغي، أو متلازمة داون، أو الاكتئاب(، وبين العوامل الشخصية والبيئية )مثل المواقف السلبية، وانعدام إتاحة وسائل النقل والمباني العامة، والدعم الاجتماعي المحدود).ثم يقدم اقتراحات بخطوات يمكن أن تتخذ من قبل كافة الأطراف المعنية –ومنها الحكومات، ومنظمات المجتمع المدني، ومنظمات الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة – من أجل إيجاد بيئات ممكِّنة، وتطوير خدمات التأهيل والدعم، وضمان الحماية الاجتماعية الكافية، وإطلاق سياسات وبرامج شاملة، وتفعيل المعايير والتشريعات الجديدة والقائمة، وذلك لصالح ذوي الإعاقة والمجتمع على نطاقه الأوسع. وينبغي أن يكون ذوو الإعاقة هم المركز الذي تتمحور حوله هذه المساعي. كما يلقي الضوء على العقبات والعوائق المتباينة التي يواجهها ذوو الإعاقة - عقبات تتعلق بما يصادفونه من مواقف واتجاهات، وعقبات مادية، ومالية – وكلها عقبات يسهل التعامل معها والتصدي لها. يقدم توصيات للعمل على المستويات المحلية والوطنية والدولية، ومن ثم فهو أداة لا تقدر بثمن.