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The 1994 Genocide as Taught in Rwanda’s Classrooms 발행 연도: 2017 This blog looks at how textbook and curricula reforms in Rwanda have worked to cover the 1994 Genocide and instill the ideals of tolerance, unity and reconciliation in students. It is part of a series of blogs on this site published to encourage debates around a new GEM Report Policy Paper: Between the Lines, which looks at the content of textbooks and how it reflects some of the key concepts in Target 4.7 in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).by Jean-Damascene Gasanabo, PhD, Director-General, Research and Documentation Center on Genocide, National Commission for the Fight against Genocide (CNLG), Kigali, Rwanda. The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi saw the slaughter of more than one million people over the span of three months, and placed Rwanda at the forefront of the world’s political consciousness. Almost 23 years later, Rwanda has rebuilt and become a modern hub of progress and development, putting in place social, political and economic systems that are grounded in national unity and reconciliation – with education reforms playing a central role.The large-scale participation of children and adolescents in perpetrating acts of genocide made it clear that an education system that fails to integrate basic human values, will also inevitably fail the nation. Education was used prior to the Genocide to inculcate fear, intolerance and hatred; and so too is it being utilized by the current Government to foster peace and inclusivity, and combat genocide ideology. Post-genocide Rwanda has used education as a main tool to correct biased perceptions of its socio-political history, and to provide accurate representations of the root causes of the genocide, and preventative measures.With over 60% of Rwandans under the age of 24, the formal education system needs to instill the ideals of tolerance, unity and reconciliation in the next generation. With this realization, the Rwanda Education Board and the Ministry of Education have integrated genocide studies in the curricula of its primary, secondary and higher education institutions so that they are better able to lead a nation that is cognizant of its past. Instead of highlighting difference, the national curriculum of post-genocide Rwanda has been reconfigured to emphasize the politics of inclusion and to encourage a spirit of critical thinking that pursues peace, social cohesion and harmony above all else.Prior to the Genocide, educational resources were used as a tool by the genocidal regime to promote ethnic division, discrimination and propaganda. The biased curricula and teaching methods cemented ethnic segregation within classrooms and fostered genocide ideology. The students who were not expelled from primary and secondary school due to the ethnic and regional quota system were forced to identify themselves as being Tutsi – inherently separate to those who were Hutu or Twa. The pre-1994 curriculum lacked “the essentials of human emotion, attitudes, values and skills” as it continued to promote discriminatory and divisive ideologies that were “imparted through formalized rote learning in history, civic education, religious and moral education and languages.”Post-Genocide Rwanda faced the herculean task of rebuilding its dismantled institutions. With a profound lack of qualified teachers, a huge pool of orphaned children, insufficient funds and inaccurate textbooks following the genocide, many education challenges lay ahead. In early 1995, a moratorium was placed on history textbooks which disseminated biased information, as the country grappled with how and to what extent the nation’s past could be incorporated constructively in the education system, without causing pain or resurfacing conflicts.Rwanda chose a gradual, yet comprehensive, approach. In the years immediately following the Genocide, the history curriculum lightly touched on the subject so as to protect students from their recent past, and prevent division in classrooms based on differing family experiences. Classrooms promoted knowledge based on the essential ideas of unity, peace, tolerance and justice. In 2008 the National Curriculum Development Centre within the Ministry of Education published the new history curriculum which incorporated the Genocide against the Tutsi, coinciding with the renewed emphasis on the unifying and inclusive qualities of nationality, citizenship and patriotism, instead of ethnicity.The current national curriculum was formulated by the Rwanda Education Board in conjunction with varying public institutions, UN agencies and nongovernmental organizations. It incorporates the Genocide into the curriculum of every grade level, and discusses it in various contexts suited to the student’s particular stage in learning. Eyewitness accounts and the presence of elders in the classroom allow for a “multi-generational opportunity” for learning. In understanding how violent conflict erupts in society, it is possible to prevent future atrocities from beginning. Teaching the Genocide in present-day Rwanda aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the event by using primary sources, encouraging class discussions on genocide denial, the persistence of genocide ideology, and the reconciliation efforts embarked on after the Genocide.Moreover, this change in the curriculum has been supplemented by a shift to transform learning from one based on standard rote memorization to one that encourages discussion and a spirit of critical thinking and analysis. This approach identifies the student as an active participant in the learning experience, not merely a silent recipient of history as “evangelical speech.” By promoting an environment that encourages spirited, objective discussions, the Ministry of Education seeks to redress the biases taught by the genocidal regime, as well as prepare young people to thoughtfully and constructively enter the workforce.Genocide education nevertheless faces some challenges ahead. With genocide denial still present, not only are ongoing revisions of educational resources required, but teacher training is also necessary to ensure that revisions to the curriculum are well presented by teachers.The way conflict and genocide has been taught through textbooks in Rwanda has evolved over time. For Rwandans, learning about the 1994 Genocide is not only vital in understanding the history of their country, but also in developing critical thinking skills that help young people become informed citizens in today’s globalized society. Peace education, as well as tools for conflict resolution and genocide prevention, are now heavily featured. Indeed the initiatives embarked on by the education sector signal a promising start to the continuous pursuit of truth through knowledge of the past.In comprehensively integrating the study of genocide into the national curriculum and by empowering students to become agents of their own learning process, Rwanda offers an ambitious recipe for successfully teaching one’s own history for the better. 
Paving the Road to Education: A Target-by-Target Analysis of SDG 4 for Asia and the Pacific 발행 연도: 2018 단체 저자: UNESCO Bangkok The globally adopted development agenda “Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” has established ambitious intentions that build on the past Millennium Development Goals but also expand on their achievements.The Sustainable Development Goal 4 on education propels forward the vision of ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and to promote lifelong learning opportunities for all through a holistic, aspirational and systematic education agenda. Education monitoring is an integral part in this process.This publication delivers a data-rich snapshot of Sustainable Development Goal 4, its targets and their monitoring indicators while analyzing available data through a lens of inequality.Assessing the progress which countries have made in the recent past as well as where countries currently stand, this publication sets a baseline against which Member States from Asia and the Pacic are able to monitor progress in achieving the Goal 4 over time but at latest by 2030.Finally, after discussing emerging opportunities and remaining challenges in the region, this publication seeks to assist Member States in identifying what steps can be taken to ensure that the region will achieve the new education agenda. 
ENVISION 4.7: ROADMAP IN SUPPORT OF SDG TARGET 4.7 발행 연도: 2019 단체 저자: Bridge 47 In November 2019, 200 policy makers, civil society members and researchers from all over the world got together in Helsinki to make a roadmap for the future implementation of SDG Target 4.7 in Europe. The participants of the Envision 4.7 event held in Helsinki, 6th and 7th November 2019, made this document to contribute to the achievement of Target 4.7 of the universal Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This document was shaped and influenced by the expertise and insight of everyone who came to the conference. Bridge 47 is calling on this collective knowledge and community of experts to continue moving these recommendations forward as we all aim to achieve SDG Target 4.7 and use transformative education as a mechanism for achieving all of the Sustainable Development Goals. 
Global Framework for Refugee Education 발행 연도: 2019 단체 저자: Global Refugee Forum Education Co-Sponsorship Alliance | UN. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) This Global Framework for Refugee Education has been produced by the Global Refugee Forum’s Education Co-Sponsorship Alliance, comprising more than 60 partners. It aims to help partners to translate the Global Compact on Refugees and the Refugee Education 2030: A Strategy for Refugee Inclusion into pledges for concrete action to help achieve inclusive and equitable quality education for all by 2030. 
Her Education, Our Future 발행 연도: 2019 단체 저자: UNESCO Too many girls and women are still held back by social norms and traditional school practices influencing their educational right and opportunities. But we know that their education is the most powerful investment to make for our collective future. Her education, our future is UNESCO’s new drive to accelerate action for girls’ and women’s education by leveraging political and financial commitments, as well as leadership for women and girls.Join #HerEducationOurFuture and be a part of our collective movement to advance girls’ and women’s education. Learn more: http://on.unesco.org/HerEducation 
Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Education 발행 연도: 2019 단체 저자: UNESCO Among the many inequalities that indigenous peoples face, the lack of access to quality education is particularly blatant. The 2030 Agenda commitment to ‘leave no one behind’, brings new impetus to ensure that indigenous peoples’ priorities are heard. In 2017, UNESCO adopted the Policy on engaging with indigenous peoples. Concurrently, as part of its mandate, UNESCO monitors the implementation of the 1960 Convention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education. During the Ninth Consultation on the implementation of this instrument, several Member States reported upon measures they have taken in relation to the right to education for indigenous peoples. This document (Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Education: Overview of the Measures Supporting the Right to Education for Indigenous Peoples Reported by Member States in the Context of the Ninth Consultation on the 1960 Convention and Recommendation against Discrimination in Education) compiles practical examples extracted from these reports for information sharing and advocacy. 
تعزيز التدريس في التعليم العالي: مقاربات جديدة لتحسين تعلم الطلاب 발행 연도: 2012 저자: Peter Hartley | Amanda Woods | Martin Bell 단체 저자: Al-Obeikan Publishing يضم هذا الكتاب مجموعة من الأفكار المحفزة والتقارير المتحدية المستمدة من محاضري وممارسي التعليم العالي الذين يستخدمون الأساليب البحثية والمتكررة لتحسين تعلم وتدريسه . وهو يوجز ـ حين يعرض وصفًا واقعيًا ومتاحًا للتطورات الجديدة ـ كيفية تطبيق نظرية التعلم والممارسة الفضلى في عملية التدريس اليومية ، ويقدم النصح والمشورة فيما يتعلق بمغالبة مشكلات التنفيذ والأدلة مستمدة من المشروعات المملولة والممارسين المبتكرين في سلسلة واسعة من التخصصات والخلفيات ، وتشمل مجالات تضم مقاربات للتعلم ، والعمل مع الطلاب ، وتعزيز تقدمهم وتطورهم ، ودعم ممارسات محاضرين وتنميتها . يتناول ( تعزيز التدريس في التعليم العالي ) القضايا الرئيسية المتعلقة بالتعلم والتدريس في التعليم العالي هذه الأيام ، وسيكون مصدرًا موثوقًا يعول عليه للنصح والإرشاد والأفكار للمحاضرين الجدد والمتمرسين الذين يريدون تحسين تعلم طلابهم . Strengthening Teaching in Higher Education: New Approaches to Improving Student Learning 발행 연도: 2012 저자: Peter Hartley | Amanda Woods | Martin Bell 단체 저자: Al-Obeikan Publishing This book includes a collection of motivational ideas and challenging reports from the lecturers and practitioners of higher education who use research methods and repeated to improve learning and teaching.In presenting a realistic and accessible description of new developments, it summarizes how to apply learning theory and best practice in the daily teaching process, and provides advice on overcoming implementation problems. 
تقرير التنمية الإنسانية العربية للعام 2016: الشباب وآفاق التنمية واقع متغير 발행 연도: 2016 단체 저자: UNDP Arab States يتناول تقرير "التنمية الإنسانية العربية للعام 2016: الشباب وآفاق التنمية واقع متغير" بالدراسة التحديات والفرص التي تواجه الشباب في المنطقة العربية، وخاصة منذ عام 2011، ويسعى لتقديم لمحة عامة عن الشباب في المنطقة، ولتحفيز نقاش جاد يشارك فيه الشباب أنفسهم مع أهم الأطراف الأخرى في المجتمع حول حول مستقبل التنمية في المنطقة بالنظر إلى وضع الشباب ودورهم باعتبارهم قضية محورية في هذا الوقت بالذات.ينطلق التقرير من حقيقة أن جيلُ الشباب الحالي يمثل أكبرُ كتلة شبابيّة تشهدها المنطقة على مدى السنوات الخمسين الماضية، إذ يكون 30 في المئة من سكّانها الذين يبلغ عددُهم 370 مليونَ نسمة. وينبِّه التقرير إلى أن البلدان العربية تستطيع تحقيقَ طفرة حقيقية ومكاسب كبيرة في مجالي التنمية، وتعزيزَ الاستقرار، وتأمينَ هذه المكاسب على نحوٍ مستدام إذا تبنَّت سياساتٍ تُعطي الشبابَ حصةً يستحقونها في تشكيل مجتمعاتِهم وتَجعلهم محطَّ الاهتمام - سياسيًّا واجتماعيًّا واقتصاديًّا.ويدعو تقرير التنمية الإنسانية العربية 2016 دول المنطقة إلى الاستثمار في شبابها وتمكينهم من الانخراط في عمليات التنمية، كأولوية حاسمة وملحة في حد ذاتها وكشرط أساسي لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة. وتكتسب هذه الدعوة أهمية خاصة اليوم إذ تشرع كافة البلدان زمنها الدول العربية في إعداد خططها الوطنية لتنفيذ خطة 2030 للتنمية المستدامة. كما يدعو التقرير إلى تبني نموذجِ تنميةٍ ذي تَوجُّهٍ شبابي، يُركِّز في آن واحد على بناء قدرات الشباب وتوسيعِ الفرص المتاحةِ لهم، ويعتبر أن تحقيقَ السلام والأمن على الصعيدَين الوطنيِّ والإقليمي شرطًا أساسيًّا لمستقبلٍ جدير بالشباب. Arab Human Development Report 2016: Youth and Development Prospects 발행 연도: 2016 단체 저자: UNDP Arab States AHDR 2016 examines challenges and opportunities facing youth in the Arab region, especially since 2011, and seeks to provide an overview on youth in the region and stimulate a broad dialogue between youth and key stakeholders on the future of development in the region, focusing on the role of youth as critical partners at this very point in time.The point of departure of the report is the demographic fact that the current youth generation is the largest youth cohort this region has had over the past 50 years, making up 30% of its population of 370 million. The report argues that Arab countries can achieve a great leap forward in development, reinforce stability and secure such gains in a sustainable manner, if they adopt policies that give youth a stake in shaping their societies and put them at the centre—politically, socially and economically.The AHDR 2016 calls upon Arab countries to invest in their young people and empower them to engage in the development process as an urgent and critical priority in its own right and prerequisite to achieving sustainable development –a call that is particularly timely as Arab countries embark on formulating their plans to meet the goals of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. The report also calls for a youth-oriented development model that focuses simultaneously on building young people’s capabilities and expanding opportunities available to them, considering the achievement of peace and security at national and regional levels as a prerequisite for a future fit for youth.