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์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์˜นํ˜ธ ํ™œ๋™, ๊ต์ˆ˜, ํ•™์Šต ๋“ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.

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ยฉ APCEIU

3,376 ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

The Problem of Sectarian Pluralism and National Unity in Islamic Countries: A Study of the Malaysian Case ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2015 ์ €์ž: Ben Omar Adel ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: University Mohamed Lamine Debaghine - Setif2 This research paper addresses the causes of conflicts, the internal dangers that threaten national unity in Islamic countries, by highlighting the impact of sectarian conflicts in the collapse and disintegration of states. The paper also studies the dimensions of the phenomenon and the policies taken to manage it. The paper also seeks to reveal the best practices and the experience of the organs of political systems in Islamic countries in managing sectarian pluralism. It ends with a discussion of the Malaysian case.  ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ.. ู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุถุญูŠุฉ ุฏูˆู…ุงู‹ุŸ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2017 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: DW TV ุจุนุฏ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู…ุช ุฃู‚ุฏู…ุช ู…ู…ุซู„ุงุช ูˆุนุงุฑุถุงุช ุฃุฒูŠุงุก ุดู‡ูŠุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุณุฑ ุญุงุฌุฒ ุงู„ุฎูˆู ูˆูƒุดูู† ุนู† ุงู†ุชู‡ุงูƒุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ู‡ุงุฑููŠ ูˆุงูŠู†ุณุชูŠู† ุจุญู‚ู‡ู†. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุถูŠุญุฉ ุฏูุนุช ุจู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุดุฑ ู‚ุตุตู‡ู† ุงู„ู…ุคู„ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุชูˆุงุตู„. ูุฃูŠู† ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุŸ ูˆู…ุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุชูุดูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŸ ูˆู‡ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุงู„ุถุญูŠุฉุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ูŠุชู… ู…ู†ุงู‚ุดู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ.  Discrimination on the Basis of Sex.. Is the Woman Always the Victim? ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2017 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: DW TV After many years of silence, famous actresses and models broke the barrier of fear and revealed the violations of the famous producer Harvey Weinstein against them. This scandal prompted hundreds of thousands of women to publish their painful stories in social networks. Where does gender discrimination begin? And how widespread is this phenomenon in reality? Is the woman always the victim? These questions are discussed in this program.  ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู„ุงุฌุฆูŠู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠูŠู†: ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ููŠ ุชุฑูƒูŠุง ูˆู„ุจู†ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู† ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2015 ์ €์ž: Shelly Culbertson | Louay Constant ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: RAND Corporation ู…ุน ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู„ุงุฌุฆ ุณูˆุฑูŠ ุงุนุชุจุงุฑู‹ุง ู…ู† ุณุจุชู…ุจุฑ 2015 ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู…ู„ุญุฉ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุงู‡ุฌ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌู„ ู„ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุงู†. ูŠุณุชุนุฑุถ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู„ุงุฌุฆูŠู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุถู… ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุงุฌุฆูŠู† - ุชุฑูƒูŠุง ูˆู„ุจู†ุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู† - ูˆูŠุญู„ู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช: ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ูˆุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูˆุงู„ุฌูˆุฏุฉ. ูˆุชุดู…ู„ ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ุญุฉ ู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ูุฑุต ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุงุฌุฆูŠู† ุ› ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุฅู†ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุ› ุงู„ุงุณุชุซู…ุงุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ุ› ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู„ุฏุนู… ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุ› ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุฉ ุชุฏุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฏู…ุฌ ุฃูˆ ูุตู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ูˆุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุถูŠูุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ู„ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุชู…ุงุณูƒ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุ› ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุนู…ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุชู…ูƒูŠู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูˆุถุน ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ุชูˆุธูŠู ู„ู„ุจุงู„ุบูŠู† ุ› ูˆุชู†ููŠุฐ ุฎุทูˆุงุช ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู„ุชุญุณูŠู† ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุงุฌุฆูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†.  Education of Syrian Refugee Children: Managing the Crisis in Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2015 ์ €์ž: Shelly Culbertson | Louay Constant ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: RAND Corporation With four million Syrian refugees as of September 2015, there is urgent need to develop both short-term and long-term approaches to providing education for the children of this population. This report reviews Syrian refugee education for children in the three neighboring countries with the largest population of refugees โ€” Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan โ€” and analyzes four areas: access, management, society, and quality. Policy implications include prioritizing the urgent need to increase access to education among refugees; transitioning from a short-term humanitarian response to a longer-term development response; investing in both government capacity to provide education and in formal, quality alternatives to the public school systems; improving data in support of decisionmaking; developing a deliberative strategy about how to integrate or separate Syrian and host-country children in schools to promote social cohesion; limiting child labor and enabling education by creating employment policies for adults; and implementing particular steps to improve quality of education for both refugees and citizens.  ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ุฃุณุจุงุจู‡ ูˆุขุซุงุฑู‡ (ุญูŠ ุทุงุฑู‚ ุงู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌุง) ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2017 ์ €์ž: Khawla Chareeb Faraj ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: University of Babylon ุชุนุฏ ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุจุฑุฒ ุงู„ุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุชุดุบู„ ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠูŠู† ูˆุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉุŒ ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุทุฑุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑุงุช  ุงู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู„ูุช ุฃู†ุธุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆู„ุงุณูŠู…ุง ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู†ุธุฑุง ู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุขุซุงุฑู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุชุจุงุน ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ ุชุชู†ุงุณุจ ู…ุน ู‚ุฏ ุง ุฑุช ูˆุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุงุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ุจู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ุง ุฒู„ ูŠู†ุชุดุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุงุณุน ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆู…ุง ุง ุฒู„ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎู„ุงูุงุช ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุŒ ูˆุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ู‚ูŠุงุณู‡ุŒ ูˆูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูˆูŠู‡ุฏู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ูู‚ุฑุŒ ูˆุงู†ูˆุงุนู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ูƒููŠู„ุฉ ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุชู‡ ูˆุฎุฑุฌ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุจุนุฏุฉ ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌุงุช ูˆุชูˆุตูŠุงุช.  Poverty Causes and Effects: Tareq Neighborhood as a Model ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2017 ์ €์ž: Khawla Chareeb Faraj ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: University of Babylon The phenomenon of poverty is one of the most important social and economic phenomena that has become the thinking of many economists and politicians, and some local and international institutions, such as the World Bank and the United Nations, has become one of the most important topics on the agenda of the United Nations conferences to attract the attention of the world, The third is the seriousness of this phenomenon, the need to limit its effects, and the attempt to eliminate it, through the followers of economic and social policies, commensurate with the capabilities and possibilities of these countries, and despite the global attention to the problem of poverty, but it continues to spread widely in most The countries of the world and there are still differences around the concept of poverty, methods of measurement, and the means to eliminate it and the reasons that lead to it, and this research aims to identify the different concepts of poverty and the poor.  ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ูƒุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู†ูŠ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2016 ์ €์ž: Maryam Al-Khalidi ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: Al-Azhar University ู‡ุฏูุช ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุญ ูˆุงู„ุฃุชุฑุงุญ ูƒุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุดู…ู„ุช ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ (ูขู ู ) ูุฑุฏุง ู…ู† ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุฏู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู… 2015. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุดุงุฑุช ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุฃู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุช ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ (ุนุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุญ ูˆุงู„ุงุชุฑุงุญ.  Attitudes Towards Customs and Traditions as Social Phenomena in Jordanian Society ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2016 ์ €์ž: Maryam Al-Khalidi ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: Al-Azhar University The current study aimed to identify the attitudes towards customs and traditions related to weddings and weddings as social phenomena in the Jordanian society. The study sample included (200) members of the Jordanian community from the year 2015. The results indicated that the degree of attitudes towards customs and traditions (the habits of weddings and parties).  ู…ูˆุฌุฒ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2011 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: World Health Organization (WHO) | World Bank ู‚ุงู…ุช ู…ู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠ ููŠ ุฅุตุฏุงุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุจูŠู‘ูู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ูˆุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ู…ุจุชูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุชูŠุณูŠุฑ ุชู†ููŠุฐ ุงุชูุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุชูุนูŠู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃูŠุงุฑ/ู…ุงูŠูˆ ู…ู† ุนุงู… 2008. ูˆูŠู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ุชุนุฑูŠูุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ุจูˆุตูู‡ุง ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงู‹ ุฌุงู…ุนุงู‹ ูŠุถู… ุชุญุช ู…ุธู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ุงุนุชู„ุงู„/ุงู„ุฎู„ู„ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุŒ ูˆู…ุญุฏูˆุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุดุงุทุŒ ูˆุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ. ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ู…ู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุตุญูŠุฉ ู…ุง )ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุดู„ู„ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบูŠุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุชู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ุฏุงูˆู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุงูƒุชุฆุงุจ(ุŒ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ )ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู†ุนุฏุงู… ุฅุชุงุญุฉ ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏ).ุซู… ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุญุงุช ุจุฎุทูˆุงุช ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชุฎุฐ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ูƒุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุทุฑุงู ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูŠุฉ โ€“ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ูˆู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ูŠุŒ ูˆู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ โ€“ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุจูŠุฆุงุช ู…ู…ูƒู‘ูู†ุฉุŒ ูˆุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชุฃู‡ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุฏุนู…ุŒ ูˆุถู…ุงู† ุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงููŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ูˆุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุดุงู…ู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชุดุฑูŠุนุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุตุงู„ุญ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ู‡ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุน. ูˆูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐูˆูˆ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชู…ุญูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนูŠ. ูƒู…ุง ูŠู„ู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู‚ุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุนูˆุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ู‡ุง ุฐูˆูˆ ุงู„ุฅุนุงู‚ุฉ - ุนู‚ุจุงุช ุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู…ุง ูŠุตุงุฏููˆู†ู‡ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ูˆุงุชุฌุงู‡ุงุชุŒ ูˆุนู‚ุจุงุช ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ โ€“ ูˆูƒู„ู‡ุง ุนู‚ุจุงุช ูŠุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุชุตุฏูŠ ู„ู‡ุง. ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุชูˆุตูŠุงุช ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูู‡ูˆ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู„ุง ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุจุซู…ู†.