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์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์˜นํ˜ธ ํ™œ๋™, ๊ต์ˆ˜, ํ•™์Šต ๋“ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด์„ธ์š”.

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36 ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠู† ูˆุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„: ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุชุฑุจูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฏุฑุจูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุจุงุช ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2006 ์ €์ž: Anita Amorim | UnaMurray | Sรฉgolรจne Samouiller | Sandhya Badrinath ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: International Labour Organization (ILO) ุฅู† ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุชุฑูˆูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูุชูŠุงู† ูˆุงู„ูุชูŠุงุชุŒ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ูˆุงู„ู†ุณุงุกุŒ ู…ุณุงุฑุงู† ู…ุชู„ุงุฒู…ุงู†. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุตูู…ู…ุช ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุชุจู†ู‘ูŠ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ูู‡ู… ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูุชูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ูุชูŠุงู† ูˆุฅุจุฑุงุฒ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ ุณูˆุงุก ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจูุฑุต ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆูุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ูุชูŠุงู† ูˆุงู„ูุชูŠุงุช.ูˆุชู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุจูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุจุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูŠู…ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑุŒ ูˆุจุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‡ู‚ูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฅูู‡ุงู…ู‡ู… ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠู†. ูู‡ูŠ ุชุณุชู†ุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ู‚ุงุฆู„ุง ุฅู† ู„ู„ู…ุฑุงู‡ู‚ูŠู† ุฏูˆุฑุง ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูŠู„ุนุจูˆู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุนูŠู‡ู… ุจู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ูˆุนุจุฑ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนูŠู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู‡ู… ุจุบูŠุฉ ุฅุญุฏุงุซ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠ ููŠู‡. ูุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ูุชูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ูุชูŠุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ ู†ุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ุณุฎู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุซุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงู„ุชุฒุงู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‡ู‚ูŠู† ู„ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุชุฑูˆูŠุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠู†.  Gender Equality and Child Labour: A Participatory Tool for Facilitators ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2006 ์ €์ž: Anita Amorim | UnaMurray | Sรฉgolรจne Samouiller | Sandhya Badrinath ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: International Labour Organization (ILO) Ending child labor and promoting equality between boys and girls, men and women, go hand in hand. This educational tool is designed to demonstrate the necessity of adopting the concept of gender in order to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of girls and boys work and to highlight the impact of gender on children's choices, both with regard to job opportunities and the financial resources available and different for boys and girls.This educational tool aims to help male and female trainers in Yemen to raise awareness among young people, especially adolescents, and to understand child labor and gender equality. It is based on the basic principle that adolescents have an important role to play by strengthening their awareness of social justice issues and at the same time influencing their society in order to bring about positive change in it. By holding girls and boys accountable and recognizing the value of their contributions, we hope to harness the creative richness and commitment of adolescents to combat child labor and promote gender equality. ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠ (2021) : ุชู‚ุฑูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌุฒ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2022 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: UNESCO Beirut ุชุณุจุจุช ุงู„ุฃุฒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงุถุทุฑุงุจุงุช ููŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุนู‚ุฏ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุถุงู ุฌุงุฆุญุฉ COVID-19 ุŒ ู…ุน ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุตู„ุฉ ุŒ ุนุจุฆู‹ุง ุฅุถุงููŠู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ ุŒ ู…ู…ุง ุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู… ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุฅู† ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุญุงู„ุฉ ูƒูุงุกุงุช ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠ ููŠ ู…ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุชูŠุฉ ุฃู…ุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ู„ุชุฎุทูŠุท ูˆุชู†ููŠุฐ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุชู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนูˆูŠุถ ุฎุณุงุฆุฑู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉ. ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฏุนู…ู‡ู… ู„ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏู‡ู… ุจุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉ.ุชู‚ูŠุณ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ "ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุชูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุดุจุงุจ ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠ" (LLASY) ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุชูŠุฉ ู„ุดุจุงุจ ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุชุฑุงูˆุญ ุฃุนู…ุงุฑู‡ู… ุจูŠู† 15 ูˆ 24 ุนุงู…ู‹ุง ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ. ูˆุชุดู…ู„ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุดุงุจุงุช ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุŒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู† ุจู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู… ุฎุงุฑุฌู‡ุง.   Literacy and Life Skills Assessment of Syrian Youth (2021): Summary Report ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2022 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: UNESCO Beirut The Syrian crisis has caused disruptions to childrenโ€™s and youthโ€™s education for over a decade. The COVID-19 pandemic, with the related school closures, has added an additional burden to the existing situation, impacting learning outcomes worldwide. Assessing the status of Syrian youthโ€™s competencies in literacy, numeracy and life skills, is essential in order to plan and implement better programmes to help them catch up on their learning losses. The ultimate goal is to support them to be able to go back into the main education streams or provide them with basic skills to cope with daily needs in their personal and professional environments.The โ€˜Literacy and Life Skills Assessment of Syrian Youthโ€™ (LLASY) study measures current literacy and numeracy levels, as well as life skills of the youth of Syria of the 15 to 24 age group currently living inside the country. The sample includes youth, female and male, who are enrolled in educational or training institutions, as well as those who are out of them.   ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ: ู„ู…ุญุฉ ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2022 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: UNESCO Beirut ู„ูู‡ู… ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉุŒ ู‚ุงู…ุช ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุณูƒูˆ ุจุชูƒู„ูŠู ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„ ู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ:. ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุตูˆุต ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ููŠ ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุชุŒ ูˆุฑุคูŠุงู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฑุณุงู„ุชู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‚ูŠู…ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃู‡ุฏุงูู‡ุงุŒูˆุฃู‡ุฏุงูู‡ุง ุงุงู„ุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฎุทุทู‡ุงุ›ู… ุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ.ูู‘. ู‘ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุทุงู„ุจ ูŠุฑูˆู† ุฃู† ู‘ ุฌุงู…ุนุชู‡ู… ุชุทูˆุฑ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุชุนู„ูˆุชุญู„ู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฌุฑุชู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุณูƒูˆ ููŠ ุนุงู… 2021 ุงู„ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ ุงุงู„ุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุฉ ู„ู€ 34 ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ููŠ 17 ู‹ ุจู„ุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ. ูˆุฃุฌุฑูŠุงุณุชุทุงู„ุน ุนู„ู‰ 336 ู‹ ุทุงู„ุจ ู ุง ูˆุทุงู„ุจุฉ ููŠ ุณู„ุทู†ุฉ ุนู…ุงู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ูˆููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ.  Promoting Global Citizenship Education in Arab Universities: A Regional Outlook ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2022 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: UNESCO Beirut To better understand the situation of GCED in Arab universities, UNESCO commissioned a study to analyse: 1. If GCED is enshrined in their policies, visions, missions, values, objectives, and strategic goals and plans; 2. If students perceive that their universities are developing the learning outcomes of GCED.The study, carried out by UNESCO in 2021, analysed the strategic documents and plans of 34 universities from 17 countries in the Arab region. A survey was also administered to 336 students, primarily in Oman but also including students at several other universities in the Arab region.  ู†ุญูˆ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2012 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: International College ุชู†ุทู„ู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู† ุชุนู„ูŠู… ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู„ู‡ ุฃู‡ุฏุงู ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ุจู†ุงุก ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ. ูุงู„ุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุงุณุน ุชู‡ุฏู ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‰ ุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุฏู…ุงุฌ ูˆุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชูƒูŠู‘ู ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุณุฑูŠุน ุงู„ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช. ูƒุซูŠุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ุทู„ุงุจู†ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุฅู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู„ุง ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู„ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู… ูˆุฃู† ุตููˆู ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู„ุง ุชุญุซู‘ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุฃูˆ ุฅุจุฏุงุก ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ ูˆู„ุง ุชุนุทูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุช. ู…ุง ุชุทุฑุญู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู†ุงุดุทุฉ ุชุณุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุฌุนู„ ุชุฏุฑูŠุณ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ูˆู‚ุจูˆู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนุฒู‘ุฒ ุฏูˆุฑ "ุตู ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ" ู„ุชุฌุนู„ู‡ ุดุฑูŠูƒุงู‹ ููŠ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ูˆุชุญููŠุฒ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‘ู…ูŠู†. ูˆูƒู„ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุตุจ ููŠ ุชุฃู‡ูŠู„ ู…ูˆุงุทู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจุงูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ ุถู…ู† ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ. ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ุง ู…ู† ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู…ูŠุฏุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุฌุงุกุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ู„ุนุฑุถ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุชุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู…ุฏุฎู„ุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠุฉ ุจู…ุง ุชุดุชุฑุทู‡ ู…ู† ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ูˆู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู†ู…ู‘ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุญุชู‰ ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ูˆุงุทู†ุงู‹ ู‚ุงุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุฏู…ุงุฌ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุณุฑูŠุน ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช. ุชุนุฑุถ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ุจุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ู„ุซู„ุงุซ ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุฃุฎุฐุช ุญูŠุฒุงู‹ ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠ ูˆูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุซุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุทุงู„ุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉโ€“ุงู„ุชุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑูŠู†: ุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบุŒ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ุจู†ุงุฆูŠุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ. ู†ุฑูƒู‘ุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ุชุฑุญู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู†ูŠุช ุฃุณุณู‡ุง ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ. ุฅู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑุญุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ููŠ ุณู„ู‘ุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุฑุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุชุจุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู†ุง ู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุธู‡ุฑ ุฌุฏูˆุงู‡ุง ูˆุงู†ุนูƒุงุณุงุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุนุงู…ู‘ุฉ. ูู„ุง ุจุฏู‘ ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฎุทุท ู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุฌ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุฃู† ู†ุถุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุญุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฃู…ุงู… ุฃุนูŠู†ู†ุง ูˆู†ู†ุทู„ู‚ ู…ู†ู‡ ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุนูƒุณ. Towards a New Methodology for Teaching History ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2012 ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: International College This paper rests on the idea that the teaching of history has goals beyond that of building a collective memory and that education, in its broader context, aims at building citizenship and preparing the learner to live, integrate within a community, interact with others and adapt to a challenging to a rapidly changing world. Many of our students say that History makes no sense to them. They complain that,  in history classes, they are not urged to think actively or to form opinions and that they are not given the chance to self-development. This paper proposes a new active methodology that renders the teaching of History more attractive to students and better received by them. It enhances the role of the โ€œHistory classโ€ as a partner in building learnersโ€™ skills and stimulating fundamental dispositions. The goal is to nurture a responsible citizen capable of critical thinking, taking initiatives, collaboration, working positively within oneโ€™s community, and is a life-long learner. Based on hands-on activities, this paper suggests a comprehensive model of instruction that transforms the History classroom into a gateway for building citizenship by equipping the learner with the necessary skills and dispositions. This methodology is based on three theories that had a great impact on the teaching โ€“ learning process in the last two decades: Brain-based learning, constructivism, and problem-based learning. Hence, these theories are briefly presented. Seen as one of many possible teaching methodologies in a History classroom, this model is presented and its impact on the teaching of History is highlighted. As we plan for a new History curriculum in Lebanon, it is crucial that we look ahead to the 21st century instead of looking back. ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ูŠ : ู…ุณุงู‡ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุฅุฑุณุงุก ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฑ ุจุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ูˆุชุซู…ู†ู‡: ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2012 ์ €์ž: ู„ุจูƒูŠุŒ ุจุทุฑุณ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: Lebanese Association for Educational Studies (LAES) ุฅู†ู‘ ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ูŠ ูŠุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุชุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุงุญุชู‚ุงู† ุงู„ุทุงุฆููŠ ููŠ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฑุณูŠู† ูˆุชู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุจู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉ. ูˆุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ูŠุฑุจุท ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ: ุงู„ุจูŠุน ูˆุงู„ุดุฑุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ูˆุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ุซุฑูˆุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฏูŠุงู†ุงุชู‡ู… ูˆุงู†ุชู…ุงุกุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุชู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฑุถ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ูŠุชุนุงูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน. ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ: ูŠุฑูŠูƒ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุงู‹ ูˆุณูŠุงุณูŠุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠู (ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุทุนุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆู„ุงุฉ ูˆุงู„ุณู„ุทุงู†)ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†: ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฆู ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉ (corporations) ูˆุดูŠูˆุฎ ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฆู ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุฃู† ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ู„ุจู†ุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ูŠ ูŠุณุงู‡ู… ููŠ ุฅุฑุณุงุก ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุจู„ ุจุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ูˆุชุซู…ู†ู‡: 1) ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุณู„ุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠุฏ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู†ุชู…ุงุกุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฅุซู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ูˆุชูˆุฒูŠุน ูˆุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุซุฑูˆุฉ. ูˆูŠุณู„ุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูˆุนู„ุงู‚ุชู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุตุฑุงุนุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุทูˆุงุฆู ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆุฌูŠุฒุฉ ูˆูุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนูŠุด ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุณู„ู…ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉุŒ 2) ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุณู„ุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆุชู†ูˆุนู‡ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุชุŒ ูˆู…ุนุงูŠุดุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† "ู„ู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ - ุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน": ุงู„ู…ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฏูŠุงู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุบุงุชุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠ: (ุทูˆุงุฆู ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†ุŒ ุนุดุงุฆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑูŠุงู)ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ: ุชุฑูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูุงุฑุณูŠุฉุŒ ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุฉ. ูˆูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู† ุฌุฏูˆุฏู†ุง ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุถู…ู† ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ูŠุฉ. Teaching Lebanese-Oriental Economic and Social History: Promoting a Societal Unity Which Acknowledges and Values Diversity ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์—ฐ๋„: 2012 ์ €์ž: ู„ุจูƒูŠุŒ ุจุทุฑุณ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ €์ž: Lebanese Association for Educational Studies (LAES) Teaching the economic and social history of the Lebanon and the Orient contributes towards the cooling down of sectarian tensions in the minds of learners and clears up common prejudices. Economic transactions connect everyone within a given area: Buying and selling, production and distribution of resources are operations in which everyone cooperates, regardless what their religious, confessional or ethnic affiliation might be. Economic and social history informs about the economic and political organization of society: in rural areas taxed farmers, governors and the Sultan; in the cities guilds (corporations) and the sheikhs of the guilds/corporations. Indeed, teaching the economic and social history of  Lebanon and the Orient contributes to a societal unity which acknowledges and values diversity because this aspect of history highlights the longstanding cooperation among the people in the production, distribution or use of resources, no matter what their religious, ethnic or tribal affiliation might be. It also highlights the organization of these activities in society and their relation to the political system. This aspect of history also points to the fact that the intervals of conflict between the sectarian communities were short, whereas the intervals of peacefully living together were the rule. Besides, this aspect of history highlights the cultural unity and its diversity in all domains and the fact that all are shaped in their lives by this same experience of unity in diversity which comes from: religions, languages, regions, societal organization (guilds/corporations in the cities, clans in rural areas) or adjacent cultures: Turkish, Persian, Greek and Indian. It allows us to see how our ancestors lived this diversity within the unity of the Arab-Oriental culture.