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Gender Bias, Citizen Participation, and AI (Policy Research Working Papers; Planet; RRR; 11046) 出版年份: 2025 作者: Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva | Natalia Gisel Pecorari 机构作者: World Bank This paper investigates the role of gender bias in artificial intelligence–driven analyses of citizen participation, using data from the 2023 Latinobarómetro Survey. The paper proposes that gender bias—whether societal, data driven, or algorithmic—significantly affects civic engagement. Using machine learning, particularly decision trees, the analysis explores how self-reported societal bias (machismo norms) interacts with personal characteristics and circumstances to shape civic participation. The findings show that individuals with reportedly low levels of gender bias, who express political interest, have high levels of education, and align with left-wing views, are more likely to participate. The paper also explores different strategies to mitigate gender bias in both the data and the algorithms, demonstrating that gender bias remains a persistent factor even after applying corrective measures. Notably, lower machismo thresholds are required for participation in more egalitarian societies, with men needing to exhibit especially low machismo levels. Ultimately, the findings emphasize the importance of integrated strategies to tackle gender bias and increase participation, offering a framework for future studies to expand on nonlinear and complex social dynamics. 
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, Planning Education in the AI Era: Lead the Leap; Final Report 出版年份: 2019 机构作者: UNESCO The current report is an exhaustive account of the discussion and debate at the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (hereafter referred to as ‘the conference’) held in Beijing from 16 to 18 May 2019. Under the overarching theme of ‘Planning Education in the AI Era: Lead the Leap’, the conference was structured into seven plenary sessions and 16 breakout sessions complemented by a live exhibition and study tours to facilitate forwardlooking debates, share cutting-edge knowledge and AI solutions, and deliberate on sector-wide strategies. 
The Impact of AI on Curriculum Systems: Towards an Orbit-Shifting Dialogue (In-Progress Reflection; no. 32, 2019) 出版年份: 2019 机构作者: UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE) ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) refers to the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence. In order to achieve transformational change in contemporary curriculum systems and learning environments, we need to engender an orbitshifting dialogue about the potential relationship between AI and education, in terms of both independent variables (threats), and dependent variables (opportunities). Through such a dialogue, we need to create foresight indicators that can predict the process of this relationship. It is, however, crucial that the relationship between AI and education is strong and directly proportionate. If the potential of the relationship is not exploited sufficiently, then underdeveloped education systems will lag behind and fail to achieve their potential for transformation, whether radical or incremental. Indeed, some may even become obsolete. The paper contends that in order to effectively contribute to the knowledge economy and to sustainable development in the age of the 4th Industrial Revolution (characterized by a fusion of cyber-physical technologies) modern educational systems need to overcome obstacles to innovation in order to maximize the potential for transformative change. To achieve this will require an ‘orbital shift’ in educational planning, practice and resourcing, to enable schools to respond more effectively to the rapidly changing needs of young people, society, the economy and environment in the third decade of the 21st century. Schools, educational institutions and environments, need to transform from being primarily spaces for teaching and taking exams, into spaces for innovation and personal learning, based on a culture of actively listening to the voices, choices, needs and goals of learners. Teachers need to become facilitators, coaches and mentors for learners. Schools need to create AI-enabled, flexible, collaborative working spaces. Visionary, energetic educational leaders need to communicate effectively with all stakeholders, including employers and parents, to inspire and manage change and smart decision-making to develop schools of the future. The aim of this reflection is to initiate an ‘orbit-shifting’ dialogue about the potential of AI applications to transform all components of the curriculum system to meet emergent 21st century educational goals. The conceptualization aims to explore the variable roles and impact of curriculum learning and assessment on these emerging educational goals. Theme 1 of the paper outlines the concepts and characteristics of a range of existing AI systems and their potential to enhance teaching learning and assessment. Theme 2 reflects on the potential to embrace AI systems across the curriculum system. Theme 3 proposes an action model to enable AI to have an ‘orbit shifting impact’ on all the components of the curriculum system (i.e. learners, teachers, learning environments, leadership and management, content, pedagogy and assessment) by enhancing opportunities for individualization, creativity and uniqueness. 
Disability Discrimination in the Digital Realm: How the ICRPD Applies to Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making Processes and Helps in Determining the State of International Human Rights Law (Human Rights Law Reivew; Volume. 23, Issue. 3) 出版年份: 2023 作者: Tetyana Krupiy | Martin Scheinin Scholars have identified challenges to protecting individuals from discrimination in contexts where organisations deploy artificial intelligence decision-making processes. While scholarship on ‘digital discrimination’ is growing, scholars have paid less attention to the impact of the use of artificial intelligence decision-making processes on persons with disabilities. This article posits that while the use of artificial intelligence technology can be beneficial for some purposes, its deployment can also construct a disability. The article demonstrates that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities can be interpreted in a manner that confers a wide variety of human rights on persons with disabilities in the context when entities deploy artificial intelligence decision-making processes. The article proposes a test for digital discrimination based on disability and shows how it can be incorporated into the treaty through legal interpretation. Thereafter, it moves to developing an analogous general test for digital discrimination under international human rights law, applicable beyond a catalogue of protected characteristics. 
Challenging Systematic Prejudices: An Investigation into Bias Against Women and Girls in Large Language Models 出版年份: 2024 作者: Daniel Van Niekerk | Maria Peréz Ortiz | John Shaw-Taylor | Davor Orlic | Ivana Drobnjak | Jackie Kay | Noah Siegel | Katherine Evans | Nyalleng Moorosi | Tina Eliassi-Rad | Leone Maria Tanczer | Wayne Holmes | Marc Peter Deisenroth | Isabel Straw | Maria Fasli | Rachel Adams | Nuria Oliver | Dunja Mladenić | Urvashi Aneja | Madeleine Janicky 机构作者: UNESCO | International Research Centre on Artificial Intelligence (IRCAI) This study explores biases in three significant large language models (LLMs): OpenAI’s GPT-2 and ChatGPT, along with Meta’s Llama 2, highlighting their role in both advanced decision-making systems and as user-facing conversational agents. Across multiple studies, the brief reveals how biases emerge in the text generated by LLMs, through gendered word associations, positive or negative regard for gendered subjects, or diversity in text generated by gender and culture. The research uncovers persistent social biases within these state-of-the-art language models, despite ongoing efforts to mitigate such issues. The findings underscore the critical need for continuous research and policy intervention to address the biases that exacerbate as these technologies are integrated across diverse societal and cultural landscapes. The emphasis on GPT-2 and Llama 2 being open-source foundational models is particularly noteworthy, as their widespread adoption underlines the urgent need for scalable, objective methods to assess and correct biases, ensuring fairness in AI systems globally. 
Responsible AI in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities 出版年份: 2023 机构作者: Palgrave Macmillan This open access book contributes to the discourse of Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) from an African perspective. It is a unique collection that brings together prominent AI scholars to discuss AI ethics from theoretical and practical African perspectives and makes a case for African values, interests, expectations and principles to underpin the design, development and deployment (DDD) of AI in Africa. The book is a first in that it pays attention to the socio-cultural contexts of Responsible AI that is sensitive to African cultures and societies. It makes an important contribution to the global AI ethics discourse that often neglects AI narratives from Africa despite growing evidence of DDD in many domains. Nine original contributions provide useful insights to advance the understanding and implementation of Responsible AI in Africa, including discussions on epistemic injustice of global AI ethics, opportunities and challenges, an examination of AI co-bots and chatbots in anAfrican work space, gender and AI, a consideration of African philosophies such as Ubuntu in the application of AI, African AI policy, and a look towards a future of Responsible AI in Africa. 
“I Don’t Have a Gender, Consciousness, or Emotions. I’m Just a Machine Learning Model” 出版年份: 2023 机构作者: UNESCO | International Research Centre on Artificial Intelligence (IRCAI) An introduction to a forthcoming Gender bias in Artificial Intelligence report coming out on March 8, 2024. As we stand on the precipice of a technological revolution driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI), it is imperative to ensure that this future is shaped equitably, representing all genders. With this essay we are excited to announce our forthcoming in-depth report on Gender and Artificial Intelligence in a partnership between IRCAI and UNESCO, set for release on March 8, 2024. As we prepare for this milestone event, we extend an invitation to experts, scholars, and all interested stakeholders to join us in our research. 
The UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of AI: Shaping the Future of Our Societies 出版年份: 2023 机构作者: German Commission for UNESCO | Netherlands National Commission for UNESCO | Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO The UNESCO commissions of Germany, the Netherlands and Slovenia with the support of IRCAI have jointly published a brochure on the UNESCO recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. It summarizes the most important content in a compact manner and presents the central demands from the areas of health, culture, the environment, gender equality as well as education and research. The recommendation with its diverse topics is not only relevant for political experts, but it offers one for various areas of application of the ethical framework and thus serves as an orientation for dealing with AI in general. The brochure is available for the wider public in a number of formats including the original Adobe InDesign file that allows translations to be inserted and format pages, resulting in new versions of the brochure. Therefore, we strongly encourage all UNESCO Commissions from across all UNESCO regions Africa, Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, Latin America and the Caribbean to use the text in the basic files and translate the content into their own languages, including using the graphic file to setup their own designs of the brochure. 
Artificial Intelligence and Democracy 出版年份: 2024 作者: Daniel Innerarity 机构作者: UNESCO Montevideo | Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, adopted by all Member States in November 2021, is the first global policy framework for artificial intelligence (AI) and outlines different aspects of this technology that directly impact political life. The initial considerations of the Recommendation outline the potential ramifications of AI across diverse domains, notably its implications for democracy. This report builds on these analyses and recommendations, aligning with the core values and principles outlined in the Recommendation. It delves into the current and potential impact of artificial intelligence on democracy and the benefits that both artificial intelligence and digitalization, in general, could bring to enhancing collective decision-making processes. This analysis is structured around four key topics:1. The democratic expectations and disappointments of digitization2. The new digital public space: the democratic conversation3. The democracy of data: the politics of Big Data4. Democracy as a form of political decision-making: algorithmic governance Finally, this report offers recommendations for the democratic governance of artificial intelligence aimed at mitigating neative impacts and fostering a more democratic approach to AI governance. Inteligencia artificial y democracia 出版年份: 2024 作者: Daniel Innerarity 机构作者: UNESCO Montevideo | Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) La Recomendación sobre la ética de la inteligencia artificial de la UNESCO, aprobada por todos los Esta- 1 dos miembros en noviembre de 2021, es el primer marco político global para la inteligencia artificial (IA) y señala diversos aspectos de esta tecnología que tienen impacto directo en la vida política. En sus consideraciones iniciales alude a sus posibles efectos en diversos ámbitos y, concretamente, en la de- mocracia. El presente informe pretende ampliar y concretar esos análisis y recomendaciones, desde los valores y principios de la Recomendación, poniendo foco en el impacto que la inteligencia artificial tie- ne y puede tener en la democracia, así como en las virtualidades que tanto la IA como la digitalización en general pueden tener en la mejora de los procedimientos de toma de decisión colectiva. Para abordar esta temática se plantean cuatro grandes asuntos:1. Las expectativas y las decepciones democráticas de la digitalización A modo de introducción se presentarán las principales demandas y expectativas sociales respecto al impacto de la digitalización en la democracia que se han ido configurando en los últimos años, tanto por personas expertas como por la opinión pública en general.2. El nuevo espacio público digital: la conversación democrática La democracia requiere de una conversación social de calidad y un espacio público que reúna deter- minadas propiedades, sin las cuales la democracia no puede sobrevivir o se verá debilitada. En este documento se abordarán las características de esta necesaria conversación en el entorno digital, se identificarán los problemas subyacentes y se propondrán posibles medidas para mejorarla.3. La democracia de los datos: la política del big data Los tres elementos que modificarán la política de este siglo son los sistemas cada vez más inteligentes y automatizados, una tecnología más integrada e interoperable y una sociedad más cuantificada. Si bien los datos son fundamentales para el gobierno de la sociedad, el documento se preguntará críticamente por la dimensión política y democrática de la big data.4. La democracia como forma de decisión política: gobernanza algorítmica La democracia es una forma de decisión colectiva. El documento examinará la compatibilidad de la proliferación de sistemas automáticos de decisión con los principios normativos del autogobierno de- mocrático. El incremento de la gobernanza algorítmica plantea diversos problemas y desafíos para la democracia, principalmente la identificación de las tareas que pueden ser resueltas por un algoritmo sin dañar los valores democráticos y el conjunto de condiciones que asegurarían esa compatibilidad. Por último, se efectuarán algunas recomendaciones para la gobernanza democrática de la inteli- gencia artificial para evitar o mitigar los impactos negativos y hacer que la gobernanza de la inteligen- cia artificial sea más democrática.