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‘Hate Speech’ Explained: A Toolkit 出版年份: 2015 机构作者: ARTICLE 19 In this toolkit, ARTICLE 19 provides a guide to identifying ’hate speech‘ and how effectively counter it, while protecting the rights to freedom of expression and equality. It responds to a growing demand for clear guidance on identifying “hate speech,” and for responding to the challenges ‘hate speech’ poses within a human rights framework.The toolkit is guided by the principle that coordinated and focused action taken to promote the rights to freedom of expression and equality is essential for fostering a tolerant, pluralistic and diverse democratic society in which all human rights can be realised for all people.As such, it addresses three key questions: How do we identify ‘hate speech’ that can be restricted, and distinguish it from protected speech?What positive measures can States and others take to counter ‘hate speech’? Which types of ‘hate speech’ should be prohibited by States, and under which circumstances? The toolkit is guided by the principle that coordinated and focused action taken to promote the rights to freedom of expression and equality is essential for fostering a tolerant, pluralistic and diverse democratic society in which all human rights can be realised for all people. It is informed by, and builds upon, ARTICLE 19’s existing policy work in this field.In Part I, we outline that there is no uniform definition of ‘hate speech’ under international human rights law, rather, it is a broad concept which captures a wide range of expression. The toolkit advances a typology for identifying and distinguishing different forms of ‘hate speech’ according to their severity, guided by states’ international human rights law obligations. In Part II, we provide guidance on what policy measures State and non-state actors can undertake to create an enabling environment for freedom of expression and equality that addresses the underlying causes of ‘hate speech’ while maximising opportunities to counter it.Finally, in Part III, we outline the exceptional circumstances in which the State is obliged by international law to prohibit the most severe forms of ‘hate speech’, and where also States may under international law place other restrictions on ‘hate speech’. This includes guidance on ensuring that such prohibitions are not abused, and to ensure that where sanctions are imposed they are appropriate and proportionate, as well as ensuring support and redress for victims.ARTICLE 19 believes that ensuring that responses to ‘hate speech’ comply with international human rights law is crucial. Prohibitions that censor offensive viewpoints are often counter-productive to the aim of promoting equality, as they fail to address the underlying social roots of the kinds of prejudice that drive ‘hate speech’. In most instances, equality is better-promoted through positive measures which increase understanding and tolerance, rather than through censorship.This toolkit is not a definitive version, and will be continuously updated to reflect the developing case law and best practices in this area. 
Regulatory Authorities for Electronic Media and Media Literacy: Comparative Analysis of the Best European Practices 出版年份: 2018 作者: Robert Tomljenović 机构作者: Council of Europe Information event for stakeholders of the media community in Serbia on presentation of the Study “Regulatory Authorities for Electronic Media and Media Literacy - Comparative analysis of the best European practices” was organized by the Council of Europe Office in Belgrade, JUFREX Programme and the Embassy of Finland in Serbia, on 20 December 2018, in order to jointly point out the importance of the development of media literacy in Serbia and the Western Balkans region.The study analyzes and indicates challenges and issues that come with living in a digitalized, hypertechnological mediated world, in which we are faced with countless information, issues of disinformation and fake news, algorithmic separation in ideological echo chambers, hate speech, clickbait journalism, and decreased trust in both mainstream media and the level of journalistic professionalism. With such a media ecosystem, it is vital to define the position of a regulatory authority for electronic media as well as its responsibilities and obligations, and stress the regulator's role in promoting and developing media literacy, one of the key skills for living in the 21st century and the answer to many questions and challenges that come with the modern era."The Council of Europe considers media literacy one of the main tools for strengthening media pluralism and the quality of media content. All media actors in Serbia have the responsibility to promote media literacy to enable understanding and critical analysis of content offered by traditional and digital media. Especially children have the right to a safe and stimulating media environment" said Head of the Council of Europe Office in Belgrade, Tobias Flesenkemper.The study emphasizes that a prerequisite for every democratic process is a well-informed citizen. The Study presents several examples of best European practices and how to engage regulatory bodies and all other relevant actors to increase media literacy, with a particular focus on the Finnish model in this area. Media education is implemented in Finland wherever there are children and youth, not only in kindergartens and schools, but also in libraries, playrooms, youth centers, even in virtual communities and digital games.As pointed out by the Ambassador of Finland in Belgrade, Perti Ikonen, the high level of media literacy of citizens is what the media in Finland forces to adhere to high professional standards, and basically the work of the institutions responsible for the promotion of media literacy. Finland took over the chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in November this year, and during its term of office, until May 2019, the priorities of the Finnish Presidency will be to strengthen the human rights and rule of law system in Europe, support equality as well as inclusiveness with a particular focus on youth and the prevention of radicalization.The study was developed within the framework of the Joint European Union and the Council of Europe Programme "Strengthening the Judicial Expertise on Freedom of Expression and Media in South-East Europe (JUFREX)". 
Artificial Intelligence: Media and Information Literacy, Human Rights and Freedom of Expression 出版年份: 2020 作者: Igor Shnurenko | Tatiana Murovana | Ibrahim Kushchu 机构作者: UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE) | TheNextMinds The collection of papers “Artificial Intelligence: Media and Information Literacy, Human Rights and Freedom of Expression” continues the UNESCO IITE’s series of publications entitled “Digital Transformation of Education”.The publication describes the fundamentals of artificial intelligence and AI-based technologies, their impact on the modern information and media environment, new challenges in the field of media and information literacy associated with the growing automation of the processes of creating, disseminating and accessing information, the use of AI in decision-making and control systems in various areas. There is a strong focus on the growing risks of reducing individual agency, people’s ability to interpret reality autonomously and to act according to their own agenda.These issues are more relevant now than ever before for education undergoing digital transformation. The publication seeks to contribute to a critical understanding of the digital environment in which learning and teaching unfold, and strategies and tactics for the use of new technologies and the digitalization of educational interactions. 
Learning About Human Rights in the Primary School 出版年份: 2013 机构作者: Amnesty International UK This booklet provides a sample of our human rights education resources produced for primary schools. It helps provide pupils with an understanding of their own human rights and the values and attitudes that underpin them. It will help to foster attitudes of respect and an appreciation of the uniqueness of each individual. Pupils will also develop skills to enable them to take action to defend human rights.You will find a set of 10 interactive lessons for children – five for age 5+ (England and Northern Ireland: Key Stage 1; Wales: Foundation Phase; Scotland: Early and First Level) and five for age 7-11 (England, Nothern Ireland and Wales: Key Stage 2; Scotland: Second Level). Please photocopy and adapt these exercises for your own classroom use.All the activities are designed to encourage pupils to take a basic starting point, often based on something close to home or an event or situation they’ve experienced or can relate to, and then develop it. Pupils are then invited to expand their understanding beyond themselves and to begin to think outwards and towards others, whether locally, nationally or globally.The final activity, Taking action for human rights, explains how schools can sign up to the Junior Urgent Action Network. It’s an opportunity for children to become more actively involved with Amnesty International’s human rights work through our letter-writing campaign. In addition, you can download free resources on a range of human rights issues and order free posters for your school from www.amnesty.org.uk/resources-schools. 
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015 出版年份: 2017 作者: Iginio Gagliardone | Danit Gal | Thiago Alves Pinto | Gabriela Martinez Sainz 机构作者: UNESCO Given the success of the first World Trends report and the need for additional research, UNESCO led a second edition in the series, focusing in depth on selected digital-era trends. World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development – Special Digital Focus 2015 provides a substantive analysis of key areas identified in the first World Trends as particularly relevant for further study, namely the issues of: online hate speech, protection of journalism sources, and the role of internet intermediaries in fostering freedom of expression, as well as continued focus on the safety of journalists. It also builds on issues raised in the 2015 UNESCO study titled Keystones to foster inclusive Knowledge Societies. Tendencias mundiales en libertad de expresión y desarrollo de los medios: consideración prioritaria del ámbito digital 2015 出版年份: 2017 作者: Iginio Gagliardone | Danit Gal | Thiago Alves Pinto | Gabriela Martinez Sainz 机构作者: UNESCO Dado el éxito del primer informe de Tendencias Mundiales y la necesidad de una investigación ulterior, la UNESCO emprendió una segunda edición en la serie, en la que se hace hincapié en determinadas tendencias de la era digital. Tendencias Mundiales en Libertad de Expresión y Desarrollo de los Medios - Consideración prioritaria del ámbito digital 2015 proporciona un análisis significativo de las áreas clave identificadas en la primera edición del informe como de especial relevancia para un estudio ulterior, y en concreto, de la incitación al odio en Internet, la protección de las fuentes periodísticas, y el papel de los intermediarios de Internet en el fomento de la libertad de expresión, así como de la atención prioritaria continuada a la seguridad de los periodistas. Se basa asimismo en los asuntos planteados en el estudio de 2015 de la UNESCO titulado Keystones to foster inclusive Knowledge Societies (Claves para promover unas sociedades del conocimiento integradoras). Tendances mondiales en matière de liberté d'expression et de développement des médias: regards sur le numérique, 2015 出版年份: 2017 作者: Iginio Gagliardone | Danit Gal | Thiago Alves Pinto | Gabriela Martinez Sainz 机构作者: UNESCO Étant donné le succès du premier rapport Tendances mondiales et les besoins d’effectuer des recherches supplémentaires, l’UNESCO a lancé une deuxième édition de la série, qui cette fois approfondit son travail sur une sélection de tendances propres à l’ère numérique. Tendances mondiales en matière de liberté d’expression et de développement des médias – Regards sur le numérique 2015 fournit une analyse substantielle des principaux domaines identifiés dans la première édition comme pouvant faire l’objet de recherches complémentaires, notamment les questions du discours de haine en ligne, de la protection des sources des journalistes et du rôle des intermédiaires de l’Internet dans la promotion de la liberté d’expression, et elle s’intéresse également, tout comme la première, à la sécurité des journalistes. Elle traite également des questions soulevées dans l’étude intitulée Des clés pour la promotion de sociétés du savoir inclusives, publiée en 2015 par l’UNESCO. Глобальные тенденции в области свободы выражения мнений и развития средств массовой информации: Цифровые средства информации, 2015 г. 出版年份: 2017 作者: Iginio Gagliardone | Danit Gal | Thiago Alves Pinto | Gabriela Martinez Sainz 机构作者: UNESCO Учитывая успех первого доклада о глобальных тенденциях и необходимость проведения дополнительных исследований, ЮНЕСКО возглавила работу над вторым изданием в серии докладов, сосредоточив внимание на подробном анализе ряда тенденций цифровой эпохи. В докладе ЮНЕСКО о «Глобальных тенденциях в области свободы выражения мнений и развития средств информации: цифровые средства информации» за 2015 г. содержится глубокий анализ ключевых областей, названных в первом докладе о глобальных тенденциях наиболее важными для дальнейшего изучения, а именно: язык ненависти в интернете, защита журналистских источников информации и роль интернет-посредников в содействии свободе выражения мнений, а также обращается особое внимание на вопрос безопасности журналистов. Доклад также опирается на вопросы, поднятые в проведенном ЮНЕСКО в 2015 г. исследовании под названием «Основные принципы построения инклюзивных обществ знаний». 
The Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Fundamental Rights and Civic Space 出版年份: 2022 作者: Filip Pazderski | Giada Negri | Chayma Khazzani | Ivana Rosenzweigova | Boglarka Szalma | Luben Panov | Carlotta Besozzi 机构作者: European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) This report was compiled for the European Economic and Social Committee at the request of the Diversity Europe Group by a consortium of four partners - European Civic Forum, Civil Society Europe, European Center for Not-for-Profit Law and the Institute of Public Affairs. It examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the work of civil society organisations (CSOs) across Europe. It also focuses on how solutions implemented in individual EU Member States have impacted CSOs' ability to exercise their fundamental rights and freedoms.The report is based on in-depth analysis of existing studies and reports, a survey, 29 expert interviews and three focus groups. It showcases a number of ways in which the pandemic has affected the functioning of civil society organisations in the EU. The observations emerging from the different stages of the research were characterised by a high degree of consistency, validating the picture depicted. 
Human Right and Encryption 出版年份: 2016 作者: Wolfgang Schulz | Joris van Hoboken 机构作者: UNESCO This publication follows UNESCO’s new approach to Internet issues, as endorsed in November 2015 on the occasion of its 38th General Conference. Our 195 Member States have adopted the CONNECTing the Dots Outcome Document, in which 38 options for future action from UNESCO are set out; and the Internet Universality principles (R.O.A.M.),which advocates for a Human-rights-based, Open and Accessible Internet, governed by Multi-stakeholder participation.Encryption is a hot topic in the current global discussion on Internet governance. This research delves into the subject, to outline a global overview of the various means of encryption, their availability and their potential applications in the media and communications landscape. The research explains how the deployment of encryption is affected by different areas of law and policy, and it offers detailed case studies of encryption in selected jurisdictions.It analyzes in-depth the role of encryption in the media and communications landscape, and the impact on different services, entities and end users. Built on this exploration and analysis, the research provides recommendations on encryption policy that are useful for various stakeholders. These include signaling the need to counter the lack of gender sensitivity in the current debate, and also highlighting ideas for enhancing “encryption literacy”.