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The Holocaust and Historical Empathy: The Politics of Understanding It is difficult to choose secondary and primary sources for young historians. According to the author, two factors affect a student researcher’s decision when choosing sources. The first is in regards to his or her set of unique experiences and, secondly, how the researcher filters the available sources through a personal lens. Since we live in an information-rich world, student researchers often do not have a sustained attention of the past. This impedes historical understanding, which requires in-depth analysis and perspective taking. According to the author, history is one of the most controversial subjects taught. In reference to the Holocaust, since it is so politically charged, there are more issues than simple understanding. There may be difficulties in attempting to balance the cognitive and affective aspects of the Holocaust objectively. It is important for student researchers to build a framework around which to understand history through analysis of historical evidence. The author continues the article in three separate sections. The first deals with the politics of the Holocaust and how it is often a challenge to teach and sometimes creates a barrier to historical understanding. The second section discusses a methodological process and outcome interpretation of historical empathy in relation to the Holocaust. The final section critiques three popular curriculum guides on the Holocaust within the framework of historical empathy. The author concludes by discussing the considerations teachers face when teaching the Holocaust, such as whether to use prepared curriculum materials. The author also suggests that teachers employ the four constructs of historical empathy as outlined in the text and by Yeager, which provides students a framework for examining a historical event. Teachers must be cognizant of their positionalities and be clear about the reasons for teaching the Holocaust. (By the publisher) Holocaust education: challenges for the future The theme of the 2012 Ethel LeFrak Holocaust Education Conference was Holocaust Education: Challenges for the future. Its purpose was to bring together well-known scholars who could share with conference participants their research and reflections about what the Holocaust has to teach students about the dangers of dictatorship and apathy in the face of prejudice. Its purpose also was to inform participants about the 1994 genocide in Rwanda so that teachers also can incorporate teaching about the terrible event into their curricula. The essays in this book are intended to educate and encourage students and others who may be in situations to see, judge, and act on behalf of those whose lives are in danger. Studying about the Holocaust should encourage the people to help others in need. (By the USHMM) Dialogue and transformation in Holocaust education? Reweaving the tapestry of experience, research and practice. This article draws upon Habermas's three human interests to discuss different goals in Holocaust education research, namely the technical/instrumental interest in changing others' racist views, the communicative interest in understanding how such views make sense to others from their own perspective through dialogue, and the emancipatory interest in self-knowledge through which the researcher can uncover both implicit values about how things should be and implicit, and perhaps even subconscious theories of how things work. Achieving greater clarity about these implicit normative and empirical foundations of researchers' design decisions and interpretations has several positive outcomes: first, it enhances subjectivity, positionality and transparency in a field that is often highly personal for its participants; second, it enables the field to deliberate about the ethical dimensions of the work, while making theories about how things work explicit opens them up for critical examination; third, it has heuristic value, sharing ways of thinking, meaningful narratives and metaphors that may enhance Habermas's second, communicative interest in understanding. In practice, Habermas's three interests are not cleanly differentiated in Holocaust education research and practice, but are interconnected. This article focuses upon the emancipatory interest by exploring the interrelationships between experience and inquiry, or more specifically, how the author's encounter with tragedy shaped an evolving research agenda in Holocaust education. It revealed a set of implicit theories and commitments that, once unearthed and made explicit, are available for reflection and critique. It also clarified the ethical and empirical grounds for certain theories and commitments. (By the publisher) 
Transferring findings from genocide education research into strategies for teaching and learning about genocide in schools In recent years interest in schools outreach and academic enrichment has increased dramatically, reflecting a greater social conscience and awareness of the impact that universities can have on the wider community. The transferable skills that academics bring to schools need to be honed for this new learning environment, as delivery methods and success benchmarks are radically different in a schools context. This collection addresses the numerous issues raised when arts and humanities academics become involved with schools, bringing together practitioners from a broad range of fields within the arts and humanities to share experiences and insights. (By the author) What can we learn from the dark chapters in our history? Education about the Holocaust in Poland in a comparative perspective The article investigates what research tells us about the dynamics of educational practice in both formal and informal education about the Holocaust. It poses such questions as whether it is possible to identify good practices on a political and/or educational level, whether there are links between education about the Holocaust and human rights education, and how education about the Holocaust relates to attitudes toward Jews. Examples of both international studies (such as those by the Fundamental Rights Agency of the EU and the American Jewish Committee) and some national surveys on education about the Holocaust are discussed, followed by an analysis of empirical studies from Poland based on focus group interviews and individual interviews with educators. The choice of case study was based on the historical fact that occupied Poland was the site of the murder of almost 5 million Jews, including 3 million Polish Jews. In many cases a strong association with a Polish sense of victimhood based on the memory of the terror and the murder of almost 2 million ethnic Poles during WWII creates conflictingapproaches and generates obstacles to providing education about Jewish victims. Nevertheless, following the fall of communism, the number of educational initiatives designed to teach and learn about the Shoah is steadily increasing. The article presents tips for successful programmes of education about the Holocaust which can be generalized for any type of quality education, but are primarily significant for education about tolerance and education aimed at reducing prejudice, counteracting negative stereotypes and preventing discrimination. (By the author) Arab Teachers and Holocaust Education: Arab Teachers Study Holocaust Education in Israel This paper examined whether change occurred in the attitudes of Arab teachers in Israel toward Holocaust education following an in-service study course. Survey and interview data indicated that after the course, teachers had a better understanding of what occurred during the Holocaust, and their willingness to know about its effects on Jewish people increased. However, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict impacted participants' views. (By the author) 
Does the Singularity of the Holocaust make it Incomparable and Inoperative for Commemorating, Studying and Preventing Genocide? Britain’s Holocaust Memorial Day as a Case Study This article is a response to the controversy surrounding the first national Holocaust Memorial Day in Britain, held on 27 January 2001. The discussion is centred on the British experience, but it is intended to have a wider resonance and relevance. It begins by summarizing the aims of Holocaust Memorial Day and then looks at some of the significant interventions in the nationwide debate about it. Much of the discussion was informed by the work of the American historian Peter Novick, so the article examines his influential argument about Holocaust commemoration and education. It concludes with an attempt to answer the question set out in the title, showing briefly that researching and teaching about the Holocaust as well as the work of remembrance and memorialization are crucial to commemorating, studying and preventing genocide. (By the author) Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust through Visiting an Exhibition This article evaluates a teaching initiative that aimed to teach about the Holocaust through a traveling exhibit on Anne Frank. Data from 10 case study schools show the success of the approach and some ways in which the teaching relevance might have been strengthened. (By the author) History at the gates: How teacher and school characteristics relate to implementation of a state mandate on Holocaust education This quantitative study examines implementation by one Florida school district's fifth grade teachers of a state mandate to teach about the Holocaust. Teachers' responses to survey questions were analyzed to determine the relationships between choosing to teach about the Holocaust and factors like exposure to Holocaust content and teacher/school demographics. In addition, this study explores descriptive data about the nature of resources, materials, and teaching methods used to teach about the Holocaust in elementary classrooms. The findings of this study demonstrate the background knowledge and resources that teachers need to increase their implementation of Holocaust education in the classroom. Suggestions for the development of more effective workshops, information dissemination strategies, and teacher resources for Holocaust education and other mandated areas are also included in this study. To provide the necessary background for the exploration of the implementation of Florida's Holocaust education mandate, this study examines: the importance of Holocaust education; effective instructional practices in Holocaust education; connections between Holocaust education and multicultural goals; and the history of the passage of legislation related to Holocaust education. As the title suggests, teachers are the final "gatekeepers" of the curriculum: their decisions determine the extent to which topics will be taught. For this reason, this study examines the connections between teachers, their experiences, and their decisions to teach about crucial, mandated subjects like the Holocaust. (By the author) Enseigner l'histoire et la prévention des génocides - Peut on prévenir les crimes contre l'humanité ? The question of barbarism dominates remembrance issues. The study of the prevention of crimes against humanity constitutes another major challenge. But these sensitive and complex debates are problematic. All fields are concerned : history, memory, law, philosophy, politics. How can schools tackle them ? Two solutions : opting for a comparative study of genocides, particularly the Holocaust and the Tutsis in Rwanda; and using the "universal/particular" dialectic, institutions and individuals. Recollections of the past and edification of the future, this book gives meaning to education and presents a sensitive reflection of the challenges of history and the contemporary world. (By the author - Translation)