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[Summary] Accountability in Education: Meeting Our Commitments: Global Education Monitoring Report Summary, 2017/8 出版年份: 2017 机构作者: UNESCO This summary of the 2017/8 GEM Report shows the entire array of approaches to accountability in education. It ranges from countries unused to the concept, where violations of the right to education go unchallenged, to countries where accountability has become an end in itself instead of a means to inclusive, equitable and high-quality education and lifelong learning for all.The report emphasizes that education is a shared responsibility. While governments have primary responsibility, all actors – schools, teachers, parents, students, international organizations, private sector providers, civil society and the media – have a role in improving education systems. The report emphasizes the importance of transparency and availability of information but urges caution in how data are used. It makes the case for avoiding accountability systems with a disproportionate focus on narrowly defined results and punitive sanctions. In an era of multiple accountability tools, the report provides clear evidence on those that are working and those that are not. [Resumen] Rendir Cuentas en el Ámbito de la Educación: Cumplir Nuestros Compromisos, Resumen del Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación en el Mundo, 2017/8 出版年份: 2017 机构作者: UNESCO El segundo Informe de Seguimiento de la Educación en el Mundo (el Informe GEM) presenta las pruebas más recientes de los progresos alcanzados en el mundo en cuanto a la consecución de las metas relativas a la educación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas.Puesto que hay centenares de millones de personas que todavía no están escolarizadas y muchas que no adquieren unas competencias mínimas en la escuela, es evidente que los sistemas educativos no llevan camino de alcanzar los objetivos mundiales. Las personas marginadas son quienes sufren actualmente la mayoría de las consecuencias, pero también son las que más se beneficiarán si los encargados de formular políticas prestan suficiente atención a sus necesidades. Ante estos retos, junto con presupuestos muy ajustados y una mayor importancia concedida a obtener rendimiento del dinero en forma de resultados, los países están buscando soluciones, entre las cuales a menudo la rendición de cuentas ocupa el primer lugar.Este resumen del Informe GEM 2017/18 muestra todos los diversos enfoques de la rendición de cuentas en el ámbito de la educación. Abarca desde los países que no están acostumbrados al concepto, en los que no se cuestionan las violaciones del derecho a la educación, hasta aquellos en los que la rendición de cuentas se ha convertido en un fin en sí misma, en lugar de un medio para alcanzar una educación y un aprendizaje a lo largo de toda la vida para todos que sean inclusivos, equitativos y de gran calidad.En el informe se recalca que la educación es una responsabilidad compartida.Aunque son los gobiernos los principales responsables de ella, a todos los actores – las escuelas, los docentes, los padres, los estudiantes, las organizaciones internacionales, los prestatarios del sector privado, la sociedad civil y los medios de comunicación – les corresponde desempeñar un papel en la mejora de los sistemas educativos. El informe recalca la importancia de la transparencia y la disponibilidad de la información, pero exhorta a manejar con prudencia los datos. Explica por qué debemos evitar unos sistemas de rendición de cuentas que den una importancia desproporcionada a unos resultados definidos de manera demasiado restringida y a sanciones punitivas. En una época en la que existen y se emplean múltiples instrumentos para rendir cuentas, el informe demuestra palmariamente con pruebas empíricas cuáles funcionan y cuáles no dan buenos resultados. 
Gender Bias, Citizen Participation, and AI (Policy Research Working Papers; Planet; RRR; 11046) 出版年份: 2025 作者: Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva | Natalia Gisel Pecorari 机构作者: World Bank This paper investigates the role of gender bias in artificial intelligence–driven analyses of citizen participation, using data from the 2023 Latinobarómetro Survey. The paper proposes that gender bias—whether societal, data driven, or algorithmic—significantly affects civic engagement. Using machine learning, particularly decision trees, the analysis explores how self-reported societal bias (machismo norms) interacts with personal characteristics and circumstances to shape civic participation. The findings show that individuals with reportedly low levels of gender bias, who express political interest, have high levels of education, and align with left-wing views, are more likely to participate. The paper also explores different strategies to mitigate gender bias in both the data and the algorithms, demonstrating that gender bias remains a persistent factor even after applying corrective measures. Notably, lower machismo thresholds are required for participation in more egalitarian societies, with men needing to exhibit especially low machismo levels. Ultimately, the findings emphasize the importance of integrated strategies to tackle gender bias and increase participation, offering a framework for future studies to expand on nonlinear and complex social dynamics. 
2024기후서비스현황: 5년경과보고서 (2019–2024) 出版年份: 2024 机构作者: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 2018년 유엔기후변화협약 (UNFCCC) 제24차 당사국 총회에서 파리협정 당사국 회의를 주재하는 총회 (COP)는 WMO가 기후서비스를 위한 글로벌 프레임워크 (GFCS)를 통해 기후 서비스 현황을 정기적으로 보고할 것을 촉구했습니다.WMO는 UNFCCC COP의 국가 적응 요구 사항에 대한 추가 정보 요청에 따라 2019년부터 기후 서비스 현황에 대한 연례 보고서를 발간했습니다.2 제공된 정보는 국가, 자금 기관 및 개발 파트너가 기후서비스 격차와 요구사항을 해결하는 데 필요한 단계를 식별하고, 보다 효과적인 투자를 알리고, 적응 및 개발 결과를 개선하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 2024년판 보고서는 기후 서비스의 현재 상태를 설명하는 동시에 지난 5년 동안 이루어진 진전을 조사하고 평가합니다. 이 보고서는 기후 문제에 대한 기후 정책 대응과 기후 서비스 가치 사슬 전반에 걸쳐 국가 기상 및 수문 서비스 (NMHSs)가 이룬 진전을 살펴봅니다. 올해의 에디션에는 13개국이 기후서비스를 성공적으로 사용하여 국가, 지역 또는 글로벌 수준에서 사회 경제적 혜택을 제공한 방법에 대한 심층적인 조사도 포함됩니다. 이 분석은 지난 5년 동안 여러 부문에 걸쳐 개발된 113개의 사례 연구를 기반으로 하며, 주요 지원 요소를 조사하고, 기후 서비스가 창출하는 가치를 보여줍니다. 
Learning at Risk: the Impact of Climate Displacement on the Right to Education; Global Report 出版年份: 2023 机构作者: UNESCO How climate displacement the impacts the right to education The growing impacts of climate change and displacement on education can no longer be ignored. The increasing number of people displaced due to climate change faces unique vulnerabilities, especially in terms of access to education. This challenge is not only attributed to the often limited political and legal recognition of these displaced persons, but also stems from the global community’s lack of awareness of the diverse obstacles they encounter in seeking access to education. This global report, which concludes the “Initiative on the impact of climate change and displacement on the right to education”, aims to provide guidance to policy-makers worldwide on how to better respect, protect and fulfil the right to education of climate-displaced people. It provides an overview of climate-induced barriers to education, and global policy guidance on how to ensure the protection of the right to education of these populations. The report will inform UNESCO’s Initiative on “The evolving right to education within a lifelong learning perspective” which is investigating how the right to education, as enshrined in international normative instruments, could be strengthened to meet modern needs in our rapidly changing societies. 
Countering and addressing online hate speech: a guide for policy makers and practitioners 出版年份: 2023 机构作者: UN. Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect Online hate speech remains a critical challenge to advancing the objectives set out in the UN Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech and the pillars of the United Nations work, namely Peace and Security, Human Rights and Sustainable Development. The recommendations outlined in this policy paper, provide a framework for countering hate speech, in line with international human rights norms and standards. The recommendations are based on three years of consultations and dialogue, including with the technology and social media companies, experts, the UN Working Group on Hate Speech and civil society. Their implementation should be part of broader efforts to address hate speech globally, including its root causes and impact offline, in line with the UN Strategy and Plan of Action. The pursuit of these recommendations should also prioritize participation and engagement directly with the victims of hate speech, underpinned by the principles of non-discrimination and leaving no one behind. 
Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research 出版年份: 2017 作者: Séraphin Alava | Divina Frau-Meigs | Ghayda Hassan 机构作者: UNESCO Does social media lead vulnerable individuals to resort to violence? Many people believe it does. And they respond with online censorship, surveillance and counter-speech. But what do we really know about the Internet as a cause, and what do we know about the impact of these reactions? All over the world, governments and Internet companies are making decisions on the basis of assumptions about the causes and remedies to violent attacks. The challenge is to have analysis and responses firmly grounded. The need is for a policy that is constructed on the basis of facts and evidence, and not founded on hunches or driven by panic and fearmongering. It is in this context that UNESCO has commissioned the study titled Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research. This work provides a global mapping of research (mainly during 2012-16) about the assumed roles played by social media in violent radicalization processes, especially when they affect youth and women. The research responds to the belief that the Internet at large is an active vector for violent radicalization that facilitates the proliferation of violent extremist ideologies. Les jeunes et l’extrémisme violent dans les médias sociaux inventaire des recherches: Inventaire des recherches 出版年份: 2017 作者: Séraphin Alava | Divina Frau-Meigs | Ghayda Hassan 机构作者: UNESCO Les médias sociaux incitent-ils des personnes vulnérables à recourir à la violence? Beaucoup le pensent et cherchent à y remédier par la censure, la surveillance des échanges en ligne et la diffusion de contre-discours. Mais que savons-nous réellement des effets de l’Internet et de l’impact de ces contre-mesures ? Partout dans le monde, les gouvernements et les opérateurs d’Internet prennent des décisions en s’appuyant sur de simples hypothèses en ce qui concerne les causes des actes de violence et les remèdes possibles. La question est de savoir si ces analyses et ces réponses reposent bien sur des bases solides. Il est essentiel que les politiques soient ancrées dans les faits et les données d’observation, et non fondées sur des intuitions ou dictées par la panique ou les efforts pour semer la peur. C’est dans ce contexte que l’UNESCO a commandé la présente étude intitulée Les jeunes et l’extrémisme violent dans les médias sociaux – Inventaire des recherches, qui propose un tour d’horizon mondial des recherches menées (principalement entre 2012 et 2016) sur les rôles que les médias sociaux sont supposés jouer dans les processus de radicalisation violente, en particulier ceux qui touchent les jeunes et les femmes. L’étude examine d’un oeil critique l’idée selon laquelle l’Internet en général serait un vecteur actif de radicalisation violente qui faciliterait la prolifération d’idéologies extrémistes violentes. Молодежь и насильственный экстремизм в социальных медиа: Сопоставление исследований 出版年份: 2017 作者: Séraphin Alava | Divina Frau-Meigs | Ghayda Hassan 机构作者: UNESCO Приводят ли социальные сети уязвимых людей к насилию? Многие люди верят, что это так. И они отвечают на такую возможность введением цензуры, слежкой и контрпропагандой. Но что мы действительно знаем об Интернете как о причине и что мы знаем о влиянии этих реакций? Во всем мире правительства и интернет-компании принимают решения на основе предположений о причинах и средствах защиты от насильственных нападений. Задача состоит в том, чтобы обеспечить надежные обоснования для проводимого анализа и принимаемых ответных мер. Необходима политика, которая строится на основе фактов и доказательств, а не основывается на догадках - или движимая паникой и страхом. Именно в этом контексте ЮНЕСКО заказала исследование под названием «Молодежь и насильственный экстремизм в социальных сетях». В данной работе представлено глобальное сопоставление исследований (проведенных в основном в период 2012-2016 гг.), посвященных изучению предполагаемой роли, которую играют социальные сети в процессах насильственной радикализации, особенно когда они затрагивают молодежь и женщин. 
Глобальные тенденции в области свободы выражения мнений и развития средств массовой информации: Цифровые средства информации, 2015 г. 出版年份: 2017 作者: Iginio Gagliardone | Danit Gal | Thiago Alves Pinto | Gabriela Martinez Sainz 机构作者: UNESCO Учитывая успех первого доклада о глобальных тенденциях и необходимость проведения дополнительных исследований, ЮНЕСКО возглавила работу над вторым изданием в серии докладов, сосредоточив внимание на подробном анализе ряда тенденций цифровой эпохи. В докладе ЮНЕСКО о «Глобальных тенденциях в области свободы выражения мнений и развития средств информации: цифровые средства информации» за 2015 г. содержится глубокий анализ ключевых областей, названных в первом докладе о глобальных тенденциях наиболее важными для дальнейшего изучения, а именно: язык ненависти в интернете, защита журналистских источников информации и роль интернет-посредников в содействии свободе выражения мнений, а также обращается особое внимание на вопрос безопасности журналистов. Доклад также опирается на вопросы, поднятые в проведенном ЮНЕСКО в 2015 г. исследовании под названием «Основные принципы построения инклюзивных обществ знаний».