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Supporting women participation in higher education in Eastern Africa: building sustainable and equitable higher education systems in Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda 出版年份: 2023 作者: Winnie V. Mitullah | Sibrino Forojalla | Benon Basheka | Saidou Sireh Jallow | Endris Adem Awol | Scheherazade Feddal | Daniele Vieira do Nascimento 机构作者: UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC) | UNESCO Nairobi <Executive Summary>Some takeaways from the Report:Policy frameworks and various legislations have enhanced the implementation of programs aimed at improving women’s education from primary school to university level. At the Higher Education (HE) level, some progress has been made, but the institutions are lagging behind in having gender parity, more so in top leadership positions. Men dominate leadership positions. At lower education levels, progress is hampered by socio-economic and cultural gender inequities, and limited resources. Socio-cultural practices such as Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and early marriages have also had a negative effect on women’s advancement to HE.There are multiple factors that hinder women’s participation in HE and in reaching leadership positions. These include fewer women having PhD, maternal household engagement, limited time for participation in research and related activities that are a requirement for upward mobility as well as lack of child care and women-friendly facilities within universities. Ongoing mainstreaming of gender in HE is improving the situation, albeit minimal. More effort is needed to increase the number of women in HE. In addition, there is limited administrative commitment on the part of the universities to address gender inequality in leadership positions.Overall, HE institutions have not fully exploited opportunities that exist for gender advancement in HE, including potential partnerships for supporting the advancement of women. There is need for effective governance to achieve gender equality and collaboration between HE institutions, and development partners through public-private partnerships. Such partnerships have the potential for making resources available and for funding opportunities to enhance the support to women students, in particular those undertaking STEM courses which require more time for study.In Kenya, higher education has evolved over time from the technical and commercial institute in Nairobi – the Royal Technical College of East Africa – established in 1951 to offer technical courses within the East Africa region. The college was transformed to Royal Technical College in 1961, and later to the University of Nairobi in 1970. From this initial one university, Kenya currently has 32 chartered public universities, 9 public university constituent colleges, 21 chartered private universities and 3 private university constituent colleges.In South Sudan, at its commencement, missionary education did not provide for girls. When schools re-opened in August 1956, the Sudanese government authorities maintained the closure of the girls’ schools, irrespective of whether government or missionary, for the following four to five years. The impact has been the severe retardation of girls’ education for almost a generation. Tradition and tribal customs regarding gender equity are still very strong and dominant in everyday life. Consequently, traditional male stereotypes also dominate within almost all higher education institutions, including the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHEST) itself. This research is in fact the first time an effort is being made to investigate the participation of women in HE and in leadership positions in universities and other tertiary institutions. This explains the very limited response to the questions sent out to the institutions outside Juba. Today, however, a good start has been made in advancing girls’ education in general.In Uganda, under similar circumstances, women do not have good access to higher level jobs, positions, voice and wealth like men. The low representation of women in leadership positions in higher education institutions in the country can be traced back to the late start in women’s enrollment in modern schooling due to a number of factors. 
SDG-4: Flexible Learning Pathways in Higher Education – from Policy to Practice: An International Comparative Analysis 出版年份: 2022 作者: Michaela Martin | Uliana Furiv 机构作者: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) Higher education systems across the world are currently faced with a massive influx of learners with more diverse needs. They are expected to respond to this growing diversity through a more flexible learning offer and pathways that allow all learners, including those from disadvantaged groups, to access, progress through, and complete, higher education.To enhance knowledge on how to provide increased flexibility in higher education, IIEP–UNESCO undertook an international research project on SDG-4: Planning for Flexible Learning Pathways (FLPs) in Higher Education. The project included a stocktaking of policies, instruments, and practices, an international survey among UNESCO Member States, and eight in-depth country studies on Chile, Finland, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Morocco, South Africa, and the UK.This book presents the findings from the research, including a cross-country analysis of available FLP policies and practices, and how they enhance equitable higher education systems. It also presents a series of country experiences with innovative approaches to alternative entry, flexible progression, and governance systems in support of FLPs. 
Learner-Centred Teaching in Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Perspectives and Reviews of Six Asia-Pacific Countries 出版年份: 2023 机构作者: UNESCO Bangkok Learner-centred Teaching in Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Perspectives and Reviews of Six Asia-Pacific Countries A learner-centred approach to teaching in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is based on learner engagement, autonomy and outcome-based activities to support professional development. This report analyses the status of learner-centred TVET teaching in six selected countries across Asia and the Pacific, including China, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Uzbekistan. The countries were selected because of their geographic diversity, access to national experts, and potential around learner-centred TVET.The first part of the study is a review of the theoretical background on the learner-centred approach and TVET teaching with an international scope. A total of 25 indicators were used to assess three components of TVET teaching in the region. The analysis includes 17 examples corresponding to the selected indicators. The findings showcase lessons learned and recommendations for countries to self-assess their TVET teaching strategies. These examples will help to inform future projects and capacity building in each sub-region of Asia-Pacific.As a result, seven proposals are identified and discussed to promote the development of learner-centred TVET teaching in the region. These proposals include: 1) supporting national reform of the pedagogy based on the results of pilot projects; 2) increasing two-way communication between students and teachers; 3) producing learning materials adapted to learner-centred methods; 4) using technology in the learning process; 5) implementing competency-based learning to support the learner-centred pedagogy; 6) integrating transversal and core skills; and 7) developing teachers’ capacities by employing a learner-centred approach. These proposals (on reform, teaching method, use of materials, etc.) also address gender dimensions throughout the planning, implementation and review process. Conclusions from the study provide lessons learned as well as proposals for further research and implementation of learner-centred TVET teaching in Asia-Pacific. 
Communication Strategy and Addressing the Phenomenon of Child Abduction in Algeria 出版年份: 2023 作者: Saeed Abdul Razzaq The study aimed to identify the role of the communication strategy in treating one of the communication strategy of the General Directorate of National Security in the process of protecting children, and the role of various communication tools and activities in treating and reducing the phenomenon of abduction of children in Algeria . We found that the communication strategy of the Directorate General of National Security plays an important role in the process of reducing the risk of child abduction in Algeria through the preventive communication strategy aimed at protecting children from abduction. الاستراتيجية الاتصالية ومعالجة ظاهرة اختطاف الأطفال في الجزائر 出版年份: 2023 作者: Saeed Abdul Razzaq هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة دور الاستراتيجية الاتصالية في معالجة احدى الظواهر الاجتماعية المتمثلة في ظاهرة اختطاف الأطفال في الجزائر، من خلال عرض الاستراتيجية الاتصالية الخاصة بالمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني في عملية حماية الأطفال، ودور الوسائل والأنشطة الاتصالية المختلفة في معالجة والحد من ظاهرة اختطاف الأطفال في الجزائر. وقد وتوصلنا من خلال دراستنا أن للاستراتيجية الاتصالية للمديرية العامة للأمن الوطني دور مهم في عملية الحد من خطورة ظاهرة اختطاف الأطفال في الجزائر عبر الاستراتيجية الاتصالية الوقائية التي تهدف لحماية الأطفال من الاختطاف. 
Global Education Monitoring Report 2019: Gender Report: Building Bridges for Gender Equality 出版年份: 2019 机构作者: Global Education Monitoring Report Team Achieving gender equality in education participation, in the teaching and learning process and in access to social and economic opportunities that education can facilitate are key interlinked ambitions in two of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: SDG 4 on education and SDG 5 on gender equality. These aims are also key to the Education 2030 Framework for Action, which calls on countries to adopt strategies that not only cover access to education for all but also address substantive gender equality issues: ‘supporting gender-sensitive policies, planning and learning environments; mainstreaming gender issues in teacher training and curricula; and eliminating gender-based discrimination and violence in schools’. The 2019 Gender Report is based on a monitoring framework first introduced in the 2016 Global Education Monitoring Report.In addition to focusing on gender parity in education participation, attainment and learning achievement, the framework examines broad social and economic contexts (gender norms and institutions) and key education system characteristics (laws and policies, teaching and learning practices, learning environments, and resources). The framework also looks at the relationship between education and selected social and economic outcomes. For instance, a move towards parity in education attainment may increase women’s labour force participation rates, but low levels of labour force participation feed into existing norms and may constrain expansion of education opportunities for women. 
International Higher Education: Shifting Mobilities, Policy Challenges, and New Initiatives 出版年份: 2018 作者: Rajika Bhandari | Chelsea Robles | Christine Farrugia 机构作者: Global Education Monitoring Report Team | Institute of International Education (USA). Center for Academic Mobility Research and Impact Cross-border mobility in higher education, while still referring to a minority of people, is a large phenomenon that is increasingly taking new forms, extending from students and faculty member mobility to the movement of educational programs and institutions, including the spread of online courses facilitated by improvements in technology. It is also a phenomenon with major implications in facilitating the flow and exchange of ideas and knowledge, improving practices, generating resources for receiving countries, and attracting talent. For that reason, the internationalization of higher education puts pressure on countries to develop a strategy that would maximize the education, political and economic benefits while minimizing the costs.Based on an in-depth review of research and existing data, this paper examines key issues in the internationalization of higher education, assesses broad consequences, and discusses a selection of the latest trends. The paper also provides an overview of the key policy challenges and options facing governments in low, middle and high income countries as they seek to internationalize their higher education sectors while also sending their top talent overseas to acquire a global education. 
Beyond commitments 2019: how countries implement SDG 4 出版年份: 2019 机构作者: Global Education Monitoring Report Team Almost one-third of the time set to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has elapsed. The 2019 High-level Political Forum (HLPF), the global SDG follow-up and review mechanism, represents a major stock-taking moment for countries, especially as regards SDG 4, the education goal, which is being reviewed for the first time. The international community relies primarily on quantitative measures to assess progress towards the SDGs. Acompanion publication by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the Global Education Monitoring Report for the 2019 HLPF, titled ‘Meeting commitments: Are countries on track to achieve SDG 4?’, shows that there are major challenges ahead. But increasingly, member states demand more than quantitative information. They ask for guidance on how to respond when their education systems do not reach their targets. To respond to this demand, this publication has the following purposes: Understand countries’ perceptions of SDG 4 based on responses to a questionnaire prepared for this publication, which asked countries to report on their flagship SDG 4 policies Distil those perceptions into a framework of the types of national policies that are best aligned with SDG 4 and whose implementation should be monitored Communicate the framework succinctly and provide a complementary input for the review of SDG 4 at the 2019 HLPF Provide an opportunity for countries to engage in dialogue on how they approach SDG 4. An analysis of the questionnaires submitted by 72 governments shows that most countries refer to SDG 4 as a framework in which they place their education planning. A core recommendation is that countries should align their education plans and policies with their international commitments. 
Early Childhood Development and Early Learning for Children in Crisis and Conflict 出版年份: 2018 作者: Kolleen Bouchane 机构作者: Global Education Monitoring Report Team There is an urgent need for a comprehensive response, including early learning and family support programs, to the rapidly growing population of young children worldwide living in crisis and conflict. Substantial evidence from neuroscience to economics indicates that the early years of a child’s life lay the foundation for long-term health, learning and behavior. The first months and years are not only a critical period in an individual child’s lifelong capacity for learning, but weak learning foundations of children can compromise the long-term development of nations. Yet a review of Refugee and Humanitarian Response Plans conducted for this paper revealed that only 9 percent of plans included the essential elements of early learning. Relative to health and nutrition programming, early education and parenting interventions were more likely to be omitted from the Response Plans.The rationale for focusing new attention on the educational needs of young children living in fragile conditions is strong: there is a broad body of scientific evidence; the international legal framework of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child asserts that all children have the right to health, education, legal registration, and protection from violence and separation from parents, beginning at birth; and the Sustainable Development Goals for all will be not reached without a focus on the earliest years of life in crisis and conflict situations. This background paper presents the case for increased attention and investment in early childhood in conflict and crisis contexts, with focused attention on early learning and family support. The scale of the problem, current science and evidence, current global standards and principles, and case studies are all discussed and priority recommendations are offered. 
Setting Commitments: National SDG 4 Benchmarks to Transform Education 出版年份: 2022 机构作者: Global Education Monitoring Report Team | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) This publication provides an overview of the transformative agenda being established by countries, as they set SDG 4 benchmarks for education progress to take ownership of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Inspired by the UN Secretary-General’s 2014 call for countries to embrace ‘a culture of shared responsibility’ based on ‘benchmarking for progress’, paragraph 28 of the Education 2030 Framework for Action also called on countries to establish ‘appropriate intermediate benchmarks for addressing the accountability deficit associated with longer-term targets’. This report outlines the steps taken by countries to set these commitments for 2025 and 2030 against seven indicators and is timed to feed into the second review of SDG 4 at the High-level Political Forum.The SDG 4 benchmark values now defined for almost nine in ten countries lay out their nationally determined contributions to the common education goal, using a concept embraced by the climate change sector. Twelve countries’ experiences of approaching the challenge of setting benchmarks based on their education sector plans are included, serving as inspiration for other countries to reflect on their own contributions and the task of developing appropriate policy responses in line with their own ambitions for the next decade, especially in the context of recovery from COVID-19.This publication proposes a way forward for monitoring progress towards the national SDG 4 benchmarks. This way of monitoring will be context-specific, recognizing countries’ starting points, helping link their national with regional and global education agendas.The benchmarks could be a basis for a compact in which countries commit to increasing their ambition, and, in return, the international community offers a program of support. In other words, a system of political accountability associated to political commitments with a support mechanism to accomplish the task.