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The Representation of Jews, Judaism and Antisemitism in School Textbooks and Curricula in Europe سنة النشر: 2025 المؤلف المؤسسي: UNESCO Jewish communities have been integral to Europe’s social fabric for centuries, preserving rich religious and cultural traditions while facing recurring periods of exclusion, persecution, and resilience. School textbooks are important vantage points to understand how this history and heritage is represented, (de)constructed and embedded into a shared historical and cultural memory. They are also important practical tools used daily by students, teachers, and parents.This comprehensive research, carried out by UNESCO in collaboration with the Georg-Eckert-Institute and supported by funding from the European Commission, examines the ways in which Jewish culture, history, life, and anti-Jewish prejudice are represented in secondary school materials across eight European nations.The publication highlights opportunities within curricula to address Jewish experiences and antisemitism, reviews how these themes are incorporated into textbooks, and analyzes the narratives and portrayals that arise. The study also looks at the use of visual sources and assesses whether Jewish viewpoints and agency are sufficiently reflected. The findings highlight both recurring stereotypes and promising practices. By showcasing these contrasts, the study provides targeted recommendations to guide the creation of more inclusive educational materials. 
Rewriting the nation: World War II narratives in Polish history textbooks This chapter examines the processes of rewriting nationhood in educational narratives regarding the Second World War (WWII) in Poland. Using mixed methods, this case study analyzes narrative change in state-approved history textbooks published between 1977 and 2008, thus covering the period of political transition from a communist to a democratic Poland. Although trends in learning theory and international norms suggest that attention to diversity should have increased in textbooks, in Poland these trends have been subsumed by more long-lasting Polish specific cultural tropes. WWII narratives, in particular, emphasize an ethnically homogeneous nation. Throughout the 31-year sample, educating youth about WWII in Poland continues to be focused on reclaiming “Polishness” rather than on espousing global understandings and citizenship. (By the author) 
The Presentation of the Holocaust in German and English School History Textbooks: A Comparative Study As textbooks are one way of teaching and influencing pupils’ learning, this paper aims to examine critically and compare the presentation of the Holocaust in English and German textbooks. To set the scene, the paper investigates the theoretical and methodological background of textbook analysis. This is followed by a description of the sample and method chosen for this study. The analysis concentrates upon the question of culpability for the Holocaust in German and English textbooks and reasons for this. The paper concludes by exploring the possible effects the presentation of ‘blame’ for the Holocaust has upon the pupils who read textbooks. (by the author) What Shall We Tell the Children? International Perspectives on School History Textbooks The pages of this book illustrate that as instruments of socialization and sites of ideological discourse textbooks are powerful artefacts for introducing young people to a specific historical, cultural and socioeconomic order. Crucially, exploring the social construction of school textbooks and the messages they impart provides an important context from within which to critically investigate the dynamics underlying the cultural politics of education and the social movements that form it and which are formed by it. The school curriculum is essentially the knowledge system of a society, incorporating its values and its dominant ideology. The curriculum is not "our knowledge" born of a broad hegemonic consensus, rather it is a battleground on which cultural authority and the right to define what is labelled legitimate knowledge are fought over. As each chapter in this book illustrates, curriculum as theory and practice has never been, and can never be, divorced from the ethical, economic, political and cultural conflicts of society, which have such a deep impact upon it. Individuals cannot escape the clear implication that questions about what knowledge is of most worth, and about how it should be organized and taught, are problematic, contentious and very serious. (By the author) Enseigner le nazisme et la Shoah : Une étude comparée des manuels scolaires en Europe How have the Nazi period and the Shoah been presented in history textbooks for secondary schools published since 1950 in Germany, the United Kingdom, French-speaking Belgium and France? This volume compares their contents by underlining the evolution of this content and the influence of historical research as well as the various events that have been topical over the last fifty years. While European public opinion often mentions the deep silence shrouding this Nazi period and the Shoah up to the late 1990s, German textbooks from the 1950s provided pupils, aged 14 to 16, with important information. Although incomplete and imperfect at the beginning, this knowledge was quickly made available and broke the silence before vastly increasing and becoming more precise at the turn of the century. As far as quantity and quality are concerned, there is a sharp contrast between the German and French textbooks and the British ones, which deal much less with this topic. As for Walloon textbooks, they were scarce from the 1970s until 2000. (By the publisher) An Unimagined Community? Examining Narratives of the Holocaust in Lithuanian Textbooks 2011 marked 20 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This represented a change not just in the content of education or ideologies, but in the relationships between individuals, institutions and systems. During this time, the post-Soviet Republic of Lithuania not only had to reimagine its national identity in a local context, but it also had to reimagine itself as a community within the political, economic, and historical imaginations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). Therefore, in Lithuania, as in many other post-Soviet countries, debates over which events should or should not be included as part of the national identity, and thus represented in the school curriculum, are more than just discussions about educational content; they are debates over the moral legitimacy of certain narratives and the ability of sovereign states to define them. (By the publisher) Textbooks and the Holocaust in Independent Ukraine: An Uneasy Past The article examines how Ukrainian history textbooks dealt with the Holocaust between independence and 2006. The analysis reveals two major, conflicting narratives about the Holocaust, though both externalize and relativize the Holocaust. As a template for understanding genocide, the Holocaust was applied to the Soviet-imposed 1932-33 famine in Ukraine, the Holodomor. The emphasis placed on the famine in both narratives partially obscures the Holocaust and in propagating the Judeo-Bolshevik myth, turns Jews into leading perpetrators of the Holodomor. In the Ukrainian case, the complex relationship among history, historical culture, and contemporary politics is compounded by the familiar tension between national history and the international reality of the Holocaust. The historical Sovietization of Holocaust victims was attacked by historians in the Ukrainian diaspora who resented the accusations that Ukrainians were collaborators and fascists. They sought to replace the Soviet historical narrative with one that made Ukrainians the central victims, not perpetrators. Ukraine's own nationalization of the Holocaust functioned in much the same way as the Sovietization of the Holocaust. Nationalization, obfuscation, and an implicit competition among victim narratives all contribute to the relatively complicated place of the Holocaust in Ukrainian historical narratives. (By the author) Holocaust education and human rights: Holocaust discussions in social science textbooks worldwide, 1970-2008 This paper examines discussions of the Holocaust in 465 secondary school social science textbooks (history, civics, and social studies) from 69 countries published between 1970 and 2008. It finds that textbooks from Western countries are more likely to discuss the Holocaust early on, but the rate is increasing in other regions of the world. Moreover, these discussions are increasingly framed in terms of a universal violation of human rights. Today, over half of Holocaust discussions in textbooks use the language of human rights or a crime against humanity. I argue the shift towards more abstract discourse depicting some events as culturally relevant worldwide reflects the construction of a globalized culture and society. (By the author) 
Les juifs dans les manuels scolaires d'Histoire en France This book examines the dissonance between national memory and history concerning French Jewry. From the third Republic to the present, the analysis of textbooks reveals what representations the French educational system has disseminated across the nation and how these images persist or fade through time. Analysing the dominant discourses on the Holocaust in grade 9 South African history textbooks The Holocaust has become a focal point in many History classrooms in recent years as a direct result of linking the teaching of the Holocaust with Human Rights Education. Whilst there may be many studies on the Holocaust as a historical event, this study has analysed how the Holocaust has been embedded as a narrative in the Grade 9 GET South African History textbooks and which dominant discourses emerge from this. This research is phenomenological in nature and was situated within an interpretivist paradigm. I employed Narrative Inquiry and Fairclough's three dimensions of discourse as the analysis methodologies. The analysis was completed through an instrument in which the various aspects that aid in the construction of a narrative were interrogated. The study concluded that the Holocaust has a deeply-rooted link to education and the History curriculum in South Africa, as there has been a shift in ideological thinking emanating from western consciousness and finding a place in African consciousness due to the former's prevalence globally. The focus of the narrative of the Holocaust ‒as seen in the four selected Grade 9 GET History textbooks which constituted the sample for this study ‒ has shifted from a purely historical perspective to a perspective which is more social in nature. (By the author)