Recursos
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The 1994 Genocide as Taught in Rwanda’s Classrooms Año de publicación: 2017 This blog looks at how textbook and curricula reforms in Rwanda have worked to cover the 1994 Genocide and instill the ideals of tolerance, unity and reconciliation in students. It is part of a series of blogs on this site published to encourage debates around a new GEM Report Policy Paper: Between the Lines, which looks at the content of textbooks and how it reflects some of the key concepts in Target 4.7 in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).by Jean-Damascene Gasanabo, PhD, Director-General, Research and Documentation Center on Genocide, National Commission for the Fight against Genocide (CNLG), Kigali, Rwanda. The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi saw the slaughter of more than one million people over the span of three months, and placed Rwanda at the forefront of the world’s political consciousness. Almost 23 years later, Rwanda has rebuilt and become a modern hub of progress and development, putting in place social, political and economic systems that are grounded in national unity and reconciliation – with education reforms playing a central role.The large-scale participation of children and adolescents in perpetrating acts of genocide made it clear that an education system that fails to integrate basic human values, will also inevitably fail the nation. Education was used prior to the Genocide to inculcate fear, intolerance and hatred; and so too is it being utilized by the current Government to foster peace and inclusivity, and combat genocide ideology. Post-genocide Rwanda has used education as a main tool to correct biased perceptions of its socio-political history, and to provide accurate representations of the root causes of the genocide, and preventative measures.With over 60% of Rwandans under the age of 24, the formal education system needs to instill the ideals of tolerance, unity and reconciliation in the next generation. With this realization, the Rwanda Education Board and the Ministry of Education have integrated genocide studies in the curricula of its primary, secondary and higher education institutions so that they are better able to lead a nation that is cognizant of its past. Instead of highlighting difference, the national curriculum of post-genocide Rwanda has been reconfigured to emphasize the politics of inclusion and to encourage a spirit of critical thinking that pursues peace, social cohesion and harmony above all else.Prior to the Genocide, educational resources were used as a tool by the genocidal regime to promote ethnic division, discrimination and propaganda. The biased curricula and teaching methods cemented ethnic segregation within classrooms and fostered genocide ideology. The students who were not expelled from primary and secondary school due to the ethnic and regional quota system were forced to identify themselves as being Tutsi – inherently separate to those who were Hutu or Twa. The pre-1994 curriculum lacked “the essentials of human emotion, attitudes, values and skills” as it continued to promote discriminatory and divisive ideologies that were “imparted through formalized rote learning in history, civic education, religious and moral education and languages.”Post-Genocide Rwanda faced the herculean task of rebuilding its dismantled institutions. With a profound lack of qualified teachers, a huge pool of orphaned children, insufficient funds and inaccurate textbooks following the genocide, many education challenges lay ahead. In early 1995, a moratorium was placed on history textbooks which disseminated biased information, as the country grappled with how and to what extent the nation’s past could be incorporated constructively in the education system, without causing pain or resurfacing conflicts.Rwanda chose a gradual, yet comprehensive, approach. In the years immediately following the Genocide, the history curriculum lightly touched on the subject so as to protect students from their recent past, and prevent division in classrooms based on differing family experiences. Classrooms promoted knowledge based on the essential ideas of unity, peace, tolerance and justice. In 2008 the National Curriculum Development Centre within the Ministry of Education published the new history curriculum which incorporated the Genocide against the Tutsi, coinciding with the renewed emphasis on the unifying and inclusive qualities of nationality, citizenship and patriotism, instead of ethnicity.The current national curriculum was formulated by the Rwanda Education Board in conjunction with varying public institutions, UN agencies and nongovernmental organizations. It incorporates the Genocide into the curriculum of every grade level, and discusses it in various contexts suited to the student’s particular stage in learning. Eyewitness accounts and the presence of elders in the classroom allow for a “multi-generational opportunity” for learning. In understanding how violent conflict erupts in society, it is possible to prevent future atrocities from beginning. Teaching the Genocide in present-day Rwanda aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the event by using primary sources, encouraging class discussions on genocide denial, the persistence of genocide ideology, and the reconciliation efforts embarked on after the Genocide.Moreover, this change in the curriculum has been supplemented by a shift to transform learning from one based on standard rote memorization to one that encourages discussion and a spirit of critical thinking and analysis. This approach identifies the student as an active participant in the learning experience, not merely a silent recipient of history as “evangelical speech.” By promoting an environment that encourages spirited, objective discussions, the Ministry of Education seeks to redress the biases taught by the genocidal regime, as well as prepare young people to thoughtfully and constructively enter the workforce.Genocide education nevertheless faces some challenges ahead. With genocide denial still present, not only are ongoing revisions of educational resources required, but teacher training is also necessary to ensure that revisions to the curriculum are well presented by teachers.The way conflict and genocide has been taught through textbooks in Rwanda has evolved over time. For Rwandans, learning about the 1994 Genocide is not only vital in understanding the history of their country, but also in developing critical thinking skills that help young people become informed citizens in today’s globalized society. Peace education, as well as tools for conflict resolution and genocide prevention, are now heavily featured. Indeed the initiatives embarked on by the education sector signal a promising start to the continuous pursuit of truth through knowledge of the past.In comprehensively integrating the study of genocide into the national curriculum and by empowering students to become agents of their own learning process, Rwanda offers an ambitious recipe for successfully teaching one’s own history for the better. 
Exploring the Use of Citizen-generated Data to Monitor Progress Towards Achieving the SDGs Año de publicación: 2017 Autor corporativo: People's Action for Learning Network The 5th Annual PAL Network meeting was held in Xalapa, Mexico from 13th to 16th March 2017. The meeting was jointly hosted by Medición Independiente de Aprendizajes (MIA) and the PAL Network. The meeting provided structured opportunities for deep exploration of this year’ theme: ‘Power to the People’. The theme was critically explored by over 80 participants from more than 19 Global South countries in four different sub‑theme groups. Each sub-theme focused on a different aspect of citizen participation in conducting household-based learning assessments with a focus on value, potential and next steps. 
Building Stronger Education Systems: Stories of Change Año de publicación: 2019 Autor corporativo: The Global Partnership for Education (GPE) A compilation of results stories which show the progress that GPE's developing country partners are making in getting more children, especially girls, in school and learning. The brochure includes stories from Afghanistan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guyana, Kenya, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea and Sudan. Construire des systèmes éducatifs plus performants : parcours de réussite Año de publicación: 2019 Autor corporativo: The Global Partnership for Education (GPE) Cette brochure présente des parcours de réussite attestant des progrès accomplis par les pays en développement partenaires du PME pour que davantage d’enfants, et en particulier de filles, aillent à l’école et bénéficient d’une éducation de qualité.Elle met en évidence les cas des pays tels que l'Afghanistan, le Bénin, le Burkina Faso, Djibouti, l’Érythrée, l’Éthiopie, le Guyana, le Kenya, le Pakistan, la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée et le Soudan. 
Access to Information: A New Promise for Sustainable Development Año de publicación: 2019 Autor corporativo: UNESCO The central aim of this study is to unpack the major trends in the field of ATI laws and their implementation. In order to understand the trends, the report examines the activities of trendsetters. It focuses on awareness-raising by UNESCO, Member State recommendations in the Universal Periodic Review, the commitments of the Open Government Partnership, actions of civil society organizations, and the standard-setting activities of such regional intergovernmental organizations as the Council of Europe, the African Union and the Organization of American States. 
Joint E-9 Statement on Education Beyond 2015: Islamabad Statement Año de publicación: 2014 Autor corporativo: UNESCO This statement is adopted by the participants of the 10th E-9 Ministerial Review Meeting held in Islamabad, Pakistan, on November 27-28, 2014. They have taken stock of the progress made since 2000 and challenges remaining in the nine countries in achieving the six Education for All (EFA) goals, and reflected on the priorities and prospects for each country to sustain and further advance educational development beyond 2015. Their deliberations were based on a careful examination of the National EFA 2015 Reviews of the countries concerned, the Muscat Agreement adopted at the Global Education for All Meeting (Muscat, Oman, 12-14 May 2014), the Outcome Document of the United Nations General Assembly Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, and took into account the Aichi-Nagoya Declaration on Education for Sustainable Development as well as the changing global environment that shapes the cooperation among the E-9 countries. Joint E-9 Déclaration sur l'éducation Au-delà de 2015: Déclaration Islamabad Año de publicación: 2014 Autor corporativo: UNESCO Cette déclaration est adoptée par les participants de la 10e E-9 Réunion Ministérielle tenue à Islamabad, au Pakistan, le 27-28 Novembre 2014. Ils ont fait le point sur les progrès réalisés depuis 2000 et des défis restant dans les neuf pays dans la réalisation des six éducation pour tous (EPT), et réfléchi sur les priorités et les perspectives de chaque pays pour soutenir et faire progresser le développement de l'éducation au-delà de 2015. Leurs délibérations se sont fondées sur un examen attentif des nationaux EPT 2015 Avis sur les pays concernés, le Muscat Accord adopté à l'éducation globale pour tous Réunion (Muscat, Oman, 12-14 mai 2014), le document final du groupe de travail à composition Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies sur les objectifs de développement durable, et a pris en compte la Déclaration d'Aichi-Nagoya sur l'éducation pour développement durable, ainsi que l'évolution du contexte mondial qui façonne la coopération entre les pays E-9. 
الوقاية من العنف الجنسي والعنف الجندري والاستجابة لهما في حالات اللاجئين في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا Año de publicación: 2015 Autor corporativo: UN. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) تواجه منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا الأزمات الانسانية والتهجير القسري على نطاق غير مسبوق. هذه الصراعات إلى جانب التهجيرالناتج عنها تلقي باعبائها بشكل غير متناسق على على النساء والأطفال، والذين يضمون 78% من اللاجئين السوررين. وقد اصبح العنف الجنسي والجندري واسع الانتشار بشكل متزايد في هذه الدول المتاثرة بالنزاع، وغالبا ما يكون أحد أسباب الفرار منها.أن العنف الجنسي والعنف الجندري هما مشكلة خطيرة تنتهك حقوق الانسان، وتتفاقم أكثر فأكثر نتيجة الصراعات والنزوح الذي ينتج عن ذلك. ودعما للعمليات المتعددة القطاعات والمنسقة للوقاية من هذا العنف الجنسي والجندري والاستجابة لهما، يحدد هذا التقرير الإستراتيجيات بالتوافق مع المعايير الدولية، التي تستخدمها المفوضية بالتعاون مع السلطات المحلية، والمنظمات الغير حكومية، وغيرها من الشركاء في جميع أنحاء المنطقة، لتحقيق نتائج ملموسة في الوقاية من العنف الجنسي والجندري وحماية اللاجئين. Sexual and Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response In Refugee Situations in the Middle East and North Africa Año de publicación: 2015 Autor corporativo: UN. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is facing humanitarian crises and forced displacement on an unprecedented scale. These conflicts and the resulting displacement disproportionately burden women and children, who now comprise 78 per cent of Syrian refugees. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is becoming increasingly widespread in these conflict-affected countries, and is often one of the causes of flight. In support for multi-sectorial and coordinated SGBV prevention and response, this report outlines strategies, in line with international standards, that UNHCR uses in coordination with national authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other partners across the region, to bring tangible results in preventing and responding to SGBV in refugee situations, as well as in the inter-agency response in situations of internal displacement. 
2018-2019 브릿지 프로그램 연차보고서 Año de publicación: 2019 Autor corporativo: 유네스코한국위원회 국제사회는 지속가능발전목표 4번(SDG4)를 통해 2030년까지 모든 이들에게 포용적이고 공평한 양질의 교육을 보장하고, 평생학습의 기회가 증진되도록 노력하자는 교육 기치를 내세웠다.특히 SDG4는 아동의 초등교육 강화에 중심을 둔 '새천년개발목표' 2번(MDG2)과 모든 연령대의 기초교육에 초점을 둔 '모두를위한교육'(EFA)의 미완의 목표를 포괄함은 물론, 기초교육 이후의 교육(중등, 고등) 및 훈련(직업,기술)을 평생학습 차원에서 촉진함으로써 교육의 보편성을 강조하고 있다. 유네스코한국위원회의 브릿지 사업은 이러한 국제사회의 노력에 동참하며, 교육의 보편적 기본권이 확산될 수 있도록 돕기 위해, 전 세계적으로 교육 소외자가 집중되어 있는 사하라 이남 아프리카 지역과 남아시아 지역의 모든 연련대 교육 소외자들을 대상으로 교육권 강화에 이바지하고 있다. 브릿지 사업은 나이, 성별, 종교 그리고 사회적 배경으로 인해 공교육으로부터 배제된 이들이 교육을 받음으로써 자존감을 회복하고 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있게 도우며, 이러한 개인의 성장만이 궁극적으로 지역사회의 변화와 발전으로 이어진다는 확신을 갖고 있다.이 보고서에서는 브릿지 아프리카 프로그램, 브릿지 아시아 프로그램과 국별 프로젝트 및 성과를 확인할 수 있다.