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The boy in the striped pyjamas: a blessing or curse for Holocaust education This essay analyses the effectiveness of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas as a pedagogic tool in Holocaust education. Drawing upon an empirical study conducted on 298 students’ preconceptions of the Holocaust, it suggests that the book and the film have had a large influence on existing ideas and have helped to establish problematic misconceptions. By highlighting its historicalinaccuracies and skewed moral messages, this essay suggests that The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is principally a curse for Holocaust education. It concludes by considering practical responses to the story’s popularity and how its negative impact can be reduced. (By the author) Historical Understanding - Beyond the Past and into the Present In this chapter Boix-Mansilla looks at the possibilities for using history to understand present-day issues. Partially funded through the Facing History and Ourselves organization, this study looked at whether learning about the Holocaust provided a more contextualized understanding of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. This research found that students often used an ineffectual I-know-this-history-so-I-know-that-experience reasoning when making links between the two genocides, even though historical comparisons rely on both similarities and differences in analysis. Boix-Mansilla emphasizes that directed instruction on the process of historical comparison can remedy the weak reasoning demonstrated in the study and cites the literature on the strengths of using history to speak about present events to support this. (By the author) A ‘Curtain of Ignorance’: An Analysis of Holocaust Portrayal in Textbooks from 1943 through 1959 If textbooks are supposed to be an honest and impartial portrayal of historical events, they should remain the same over time. However, when examining one event across different editions of the same textbook, it becomes apparent that this is not the case. This study seeks to examine how the beginnings of the Cold War may have influenced how the Holocaust was discussed during the 1940s and 1950s. Results indicate that as Germany transformed from an enemy to be defeated into an ally needed to stop the advance of Communism, discussion of the Holocaust became more muted. While the beginnings of the Cold War may not be the only factor in this phenomenon, the results of this study indicate a methodological process in which textbooks could be used to create critical and historical thinking in today's classroom. (By the author) "Hitler is a Bully" Middle School Students’ Perspectives on Holocaust Education in Greater Victoria, British Columbia This study investigates middle school students’ interest in learning about the Holocaust, which methods are the most effective at teaching the Holocaust and how the testimony of Holocaust survivors can be retold to the next generations of middle school students. In order to answer these research questions, my study uses surveys with three classes of current middle school students in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, a focus group with graduate students at the University of Victoria and an interview with Larissa Weber, the director of the Anne Frank Exhibition in Berlin. These quantitative and qualitative results are analyzed using a mixed methods approach. The middle school students’ perceptions regarding effective educational methods when teaching the Holocaust in my limited sample (n=77 in the first survey and n=58 in the second survey) suggest that there is a connection between personal narrative and empathy when teaching the Holocaust in middle school classrooms. These findings are contextualized with a summary of the history of Holocaust education in Canadian public schools and a discussion regarding the role of empathy in learning about the Holocaust. (By the author) "Why Do We Always Have to Say We're Sorry?" A Case Study on Navigating Moral Expectations in Classroom Communication on National Socialism and the Holocaust in Germany Against the background of the pedagogization and internationalization of Holocaust memory discourse, this contribution focuses on the specific conditions of history classes on National Socialism and the Holocaust in Germany. Using a case study, this article shows both how the meanings of these subjects are communicatively negotiated in history classes and how these classroom discourses relate to the specific context of the culture of memory in Germany. Particular attention is given to the question of guilt and the concomitant moral expectations—which can be interpreted as a specific condition of the memory of the Holocaust in the successor state of the Third Reich. Within this context, the central questions of my study are: (1) How do today's youth in Germany navigate the moral expectations that are implicit within the established historical narratives on the Holocaust? (2) How do ethnically and nationally linked conceptions of memory play a role in youth's sense-making about the Holocaust? (By the author) “What Happened to Their Pets?”: Third Graders Encounter the Holocaust Though widely believed to contain moral lessons of import for audiences of all ages, the Holocaust is often considered too complex, too appalling, too impenetrable, or too emotionally disturbing a subject to be taught to young children, even if taught only in its most “preparatory version,” to use Jerome Bruner’s famous phrasing. The subject matter, after all, deals at its core with human brutality, barbarous indifference, and industrialized mass murder. Nonetheless, a burgeoning market in materials designed to expose young children to the Holocaust implies that students are learning about the topic in earlier and earlier grades, a phenomenon that may be referred to as “curricular creep.” Such a trend raises the question of whether students should be exposed, purposefully and formally, to the horrors of the Holocaust, or, conversely, whether curricular creep should be somehow corralled. Although authors have weighed in on the ethics of Holocaust education, its history, practices, and materials, few have discussed its rightful place in the elementary school curriculum. Fewer still have empirically examined what the Holocaust looks like when taught to a young audience. (By the author) The Holocaust Museum as an Educational Resource: A View from New York City This article deals with the role of the Holocaust museum as an educational resource. It presents a case study of the Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York City and considers its strengths and weaknesses in the light of research into how the Holocaust is taught in British and North American high schools. Among other things, the research shows that Jewish history tends to be equated with persecution and that anti-Semitism and the role of the church in sustaining it are often ignored. It further shows superficial treatment of a range of topics including Jewish resistance, rescue and the fate of non-Jewish minorities under the Nazis. The article pays particular attention to the way the museum deals with these issues and with the question of Jewish renewal in the post-Holocaust period. (By the author) Voltooid verleden tijd? Het verband tussen kennis over de nazi-genocide en democratische attitudes bij adolescenten in Brussel Schools are expected to educate children to become democratic citizens by providing “civics” or history courses. It is believed that the formal curriculum affects each pupil’s level of awareness, which in turn influences civic competencies and social attitudes. This supposition is explicitly stated in ‘holocaust-education’ programmes and in ‘civics’courses. Accordingly, knowing about the atrocities of the Nazis would stimulate tolerance, and thus counter prejudice. The current contribution tests this supposition using surveydata (2002) from 773 French-speaking and 469 Flemish-speaking last-grade pupils from secondary schools in the Brussels-Capital Region. The survey probed for knowledge on the Nazi genocide and attitude scales (ethnocentrism and anti-democracy). The supposition about the connection between knowledge and tolerance holds partially for the Flemish, but not for the French-speaking sample. Knowledge may be a necessary, but is certainly not a sufficient, condition to foster tolerance. (By the author) The Holocaust and Education for Citizenship: the teaching of history, religion and human rights in England The importance of the Holocaust is undeniable. It seems that this truism has long been accepted by teachers and education policy makers. A superficial prediction would be that the Holocaust will continue to have both a high profile and a high status in the schools and colleges of England and Wales. However, on the basis of small‐scale work using data from teachers’ perceptions, we draw attention to certain problems in learning about the Holocaust and begin to suggest issues which should be investigated further. The issues which need further investigation are related to the possibilities that there may be too little time devoted to teaching about the Holocaust; the events of the Holocaust may sometimes be used as a mere context for understanding World War Two; teachers may not perceive the Holocaust as being significantly unique; teachers may not collaborate effectively; there may be a lack of clarity about the nature of the affective and cognitive aims of such work. (By the author) Naming and misnaming the nation. Ambivalence and national belonging in German textbook representations of the Holocaust At a time when the power of schools and both state and federal education authorities to guide young people’s sense of belonging is being challenged by multilingualism, by the claims of supra- and subnational regions and minorities, by memories of national catastrophes and crimes, and by out-of-school educational media, this collection of essays provides an apposite exploration of the ways in which shared narratives continue to be transmitted and learned. Its authors, whose work emerged from a series of conferences organized by the French National Institute for Pedagogical Research in Lyon, Barcelona and Paris in 2010, demonstrate not only ways in which multiple disciplines (including history, literature, social and language studies) address young people’s sense of attachment, but also how challenges to educational policy are reflected in school textbooks and curricula in Algeria, Bulgaria, Catalonia, France, Galicia, Germany, Quebec, Senegal and the USA. These studies about the role of education in relation to largely tenacious but shifting national identities should appeal to specialists of education, nationalism studies, history and political science. (By the author)