The Representation of Jews, Judaism and Antisemitism in School Textbooks and Curricula in Europe

Jewish communities have been integral to Europe’s social fabric for centuries, preserving rich religious and cultural traditions while facing recurring periods of exclusion, persecution, and resilience. School textbooks are important vantage points to understand how this history and heritage is represented, (de)constructed and embedded into a shared historical and cultural memory. They are also important practical tools used daily by students, teachers, and parents.

This comprehensive research, carried out by UNESCO in collaboration with the Georg-Eckert-Institute and supported by funding from the European Commission, examines the ways in which Jewish culture, history, life, and anti-Jewish prejudice are represented in secondary school materials across eight European nations.

The publication highlights opportunities within curricula to address Jewish experiences and antisemitism, reviews how these themes are incorporated into textbooks, and analyzes the narratives and portrayals that arise. The study also looks at the use of visual sources and assesses whether Jewish viewpoints and agency are sufficiently reflected. The findings highlight both recurring stereotypes and promising practices. By showcasing these contrasts, the study provides targeted recommendations to guide the creation of more inclusive educational materials.