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Optimising learning, education and publishing in Africa: the language factor; a review and analysis of theory and practice in mother-tongue and bilingual education in sub-Saharan Africa 발행 연도: 2011 저자: Adama Ouane | Christine Glanz 단체 저자: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) | Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) This analytical review consists of three sections. The first section lays the theoretical foundations and is covered by Ekkehard Wolff and Kathleen Heugh: 1) language politics and planning in the light of development and 2) theories of bi- and multilingual education models and their implementation in the African context. A second section analyses teaching practices and classroom interaction in schools in two chapters by Birgit Brock-Utne and Hassana Alidou. This is followed by a review of the use of African languages in literacy and non-formal education by Hassana Alidou1 . Next, a review study by Kathleen Heugh addresses the critical issue of costs by assessing the costs related to implementing mother tongue and strong bilingual education programmes. Finally, the third section explores the role of locally-based multilingual publishing in supporting and promoting African languages and developing the language industries and the creative sector. Here, Yaya Satina Diallo from Guinea and Peter Reiner2 from Namibia shed light on the promise and pitfalls of publishing in African languages.Each of these sections focuses on theoretical frameworks and specific strategies designed to optimise learning and education in multilingual Africa. The language issue is dealt with at the levels of: policy and development; costing and financing; educational reform and governance; education models; classroom interaction; formal and non-formal education settings; literacy and publishing. Optimiser l'apprentissage, l'éducation et l'édition en Afrique: le facteur langue; étude bilan sur la théorie et la pratique de l'enseignement en langue maternelle et l'éducation bilingue en Afrique subsaharienne 발행 연도: 2011 저자: Adama Ouane | Christine Glanz 단체 저자: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) | Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) This analytical review consists of three sections. The first section lays the theoretical foundations and is covered by Ekkehard Wolff and Kathleen Heugh: 1) language politics and planning in the light of development and 2) theories of bi- and multilingual education models and their implementation in the African context. A second section analyses teaching practices and classroom interaction in schools in two chapters by Birgit Brock-Utne and Hassana Alidou. This is followed by a review of the use of African languages in literacy and non-formal education by Hassana Alidou1 . Next, a review study by Kathleen Heugh addresses the critical issue of costs by assessing the costs related to implementing mother tongue and strong bilingual education programmes. Finally, the third section explores the role of locally-based multilingual publishing in supporting and promoting African languages and developing the language industries and the creative sector. Here, Yaya Satina Diallo from Guinea and Peter Reiner2 from Namibia shed light on the promise and pitfalls of publishing in African languages.Each of these sections focuses on theoretical frameworks and specific strategies designed to optimise learning and education in multilingual Africa. The language issue is dealt with at the levels of: policy and development; costing and financing; educational reform and governance; education models; classroom interaction; formal and non-formal education settings; literacy and publishing. 
公民身份视角下高中生权利义务意识调查与启示 (社会科学前沿; vol. 7, no. 9) 발행 연도: 2018 저자: Li Haiyan 高中阶段是学生自主发展、价值观形成的关键阶段。高中生公民意识教育在公民意识教育体系中占据核心地位。当代高中生对公民身份的认识、权利意识的知觉及社会责任感的建立会影响到国家、社会和个 人发展。本文采取问卷调查的形式，了解高中生公民身份认知、权利义务意识现状，深入分析当前高中 生存在的问题和面临的挑战，提出高中阶段加强公民教育的对策，实现高中生顺利完成由学生到社会公 民角色的过渡。 
The Digital Citizenship Project of the University of Michigan and Its Enlightenment on Digital Citizen Education in China (Creative Education Studies; vol. 5, no. 4) 발행 연도: 2017 저자: Yan Sang | Huimin Feng Digital citizenship education is an activity that fosters digital citizens to manage personal infor- mation, responds to network risks, and creates secure online space and community. The Univer- sity of Michigan’s Digital Citizenship Project aims to guide and improve students digital citizenship in conducting safe and correct online learning through the development of thematic themes, fo- cusing on students’ phased development and their participation and action, and developing beha- vioral guidelines together. The project provides a useful reference and enlightenment for our country to carry out digital citizen education. 密歇根大学的数字公民项目及其对我国数字公民教育的启示 (创新教育研究; vol. 5. no. 4) 발행 연도: 2017 저자: Yan Sang | Huimin Feng 数字公民教育是培养数字公民管理个人信息、应对网络风险、打造安全的在线空间和社区的活动。密歇 根大学的数字公民项目，通过制定特色主题、关注学生的阶段性发展、注重学生参与和行动、共同制定 行为准则等活动，旨在引导学生进行安全的、正确的在线方式的学习，提高学生的数字公民素养。该项 目为我国开展数字公民教育提供了有益的借鉴和启示。 
National Report on the State of the Environment and the Use of Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2014 발행 연도: 2015 단체 저자: Kazakhstan. Ministry of Energy National report on the state of the environment and use of natural resources is compiled in order to annually inform the population about the actual environmental situation on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the measures taken to improve it. The National Report presents the values of indicators characterizing the relationship between the state of the environment and indicators of socio-economic development. Национальный доклад о состоянии окружающей среды и использовании природных ресурсов Республики Казахстан за 2011 – 2014 годы 발행 연도: 2015 단체 저자: Kazakhstan. Ministry of Energy Национальный доклад о состоянии окружающей среды и использовании природных ресурсов составляется в целях ежегодного информирования населения о фактической экологической ситуации на территории Республики Казахстан и мерах, принимаемых по ее улучшению. В Национальном докладе представлены значения показателей, характеризующих взаимосвязь состояния окружающей среды и показателей социально-экономического развития. 
The Current Situation of the Russian Language in the Central Asian States (Journal of Post-Soviet Studies; vol. 3, no. 3) 발행 연도: 2020 저자: Yu Haiju The article examines the current situation of the Russian language in the five Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, which appreciate the sovereignty they have gained, elevating their own language policies to the level of a manifestation of national independence and a symbol of sovereignty. The status of the Russian is no longer a simple question of language, but a complex political issue. The author shows that the attitudes of the five Central Asian states toward the Russian language can be divided into three main categories: acceptance, resistance and uncertainty. Современное положение русского языка в государствах Центральной Азии (Постсоветские исследования; vol. 3, no. 3) 발행 연도: 2020 저자: Yu Haiju В статье рассматривается современное положение русского языка в пяти государствах Центральной Азии – Казахстан, Киргизия, Таджикистан, Туркменистан и Узбекистан, которые высоко ценят приобретённый суверенитет, поднимают свою собственную языковую политику до уровня проявления национальной независимости и символа суверенитета. Статус русского языка уже не простой вопрос языка, а сложный политический вопрос. Автор показывает, что отношение пяти государств Центральной Азии к русскому языку можно разделить на три основные категории: принятие, сопротивление и неопределенность. 
Young People of Central Asia: Tajikistan 발행 연도: 2017 저자: Muzaffar Olimov | Shavkat Sakhibov 단체 저자: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Kazakhstan Office The Friedrich Ebert Foundation initiated the Youth of Central Asia project. Its purpose is to study the values and attitudes of young Tajikistanis, lifestyles, identities, political views and foreign policy orientations. The project resulted in a research analytical report by independent economist Shavkat Sahibov and Professor Muzaffar Olimov, Doctor of History.