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Responsible History as a Tool for Historical Reconciliation? EUROCLIO, the European Association of History Educators as a Case Study? Year of publication: 2012 Author: فان دير لييو-رورد، يوكي Corporate author: Lebanese Association for Educational Studies (LAES) Many university researchers specialized in the theory of history and in teaching history write about reconciliation using history learning and teaching. However, there are almost no empirical data on practical applications of such approaches nor on the process of implementation. In this contribution. I’d like to have a close look at the working methods of the European Association of History Educators EUROCLIO, in countries with internal political, racial and religious tensions, such as Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Moldovia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and in the countries and regions that were recently exposed to severe conflicts such as Bosnia, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Republic of Macedonia and Serbia. Then I’d want to ask the question about how EUROCLIO functions and explore what applies to be an example of reconciliation through teaching history, and whether the reconciliation approach creates a history teaching and learning that would be supportive of sustainable political entities. 
Preparing Arab Teachers for the 3rd Millennium: Trends & Challenges Year of publication: 2007 Author: جرار، سمير Corporate author: Lebanese Association for Educational Studies (LAES) The chapter outlines the challenges and trends in teacher preparation in Arab states. The need is to improve instruction and raise its quality in the knowledge-based societies. After discussing the history of teacher preparation in Arab countries, the author advocates a re-examination of the training process, so that it conforms to new visions of education and the ever changing role of the teacher. He also advocates partnerships between Faculties of Education and schools, so that they can carry out the task of preparation. The chapter stresses the importance of adopting new criteria for accepting newcomers to the teaching profession; seeking to renew teacher training programs at the university level on a continuing basis. The author highlights the importance of adopting measures that have become common, such as teacher certification and program accreditation, training programs and promotion and setting standards for teachers. Finally, it calls for establishing a research center specialized in teaching and instructional methods. The center will produce professional models for preparing teachers. 
Developing Partnership between Family and School, a Must for Distinguished Education Year of publication: 2010 Author: الزكي، أحمد عبد الفتاح Corporate author: King Saud University This paper aims at shedding light on the concept of partnership in education and its relation to other concepts such as The paper shows the origin, trends and aims of partnership clarifying its importance and benefits. It also shows the techniques and strategies of partnership between family and school from around the world . The paper lists the problems and obstacles facing this partnership and concludes with discussing the requirements of activating the partnership between family and school. 
The Role of School Principal in Enhancing the Partnership Between School and Community in the Sultanate of Oman Year of publication: 2010 Author: Mohammed Ali Zeeb Ashour Corporate author: University of Bahrain. Scientific Publishing Center This study aimed at identifying the role of school principal in enhancing the partnership between school and community in Oman, from school employees and community members’ perspectives. It also aimed at finding out the statistical significant differences in the role of school principal in enhancing the partnership between school and community - due to job title and educational district. The study community comprised 9877, and the sample consisted of (513) persons, and (80) community members. To achieve the aims of this study a questionnaire was developed of (41) items distributed into five domains.The study showed the following results: - The role of school principal in enhancing the partnership between school and community showed an average degree. - The domains of the role of school principal came into the following order: vision and general educational processes and objectives, partnership in providing financial support to school, partnership in school administrative affairs, and lastly the partnership in school planning. - There were significant statistical differences in the responses to the educational district variable at all domains except in partnership in the school administrative affairs domain. - There were no significant statistical differences in the responses of the study sample to the job title variable at all domains, except in the partnership in providing consultant to school domain, in favor of principals. 
Requirement for Activating the Relationship between the School and the Society in the light of School Community : A Field Research in the Public and Private teaching schools in Damascus Year of publication: 2013 Author: منصور، سمية Corporate author: Damascus University This research aimed to identify: the requirement for activating the relationship between the school and the society, the degree of independent variables effect (the status of the respondent, the school level and the belonging of the school) on the sample’s responses (from the principals, teachers, parents and educational experts) to the questions of the research tool.The research has reached the following findings: firstly, in order to make the relationship between school and society more effective, the school should satisfy the following four fundamental matters: Providing integrated services to the local society, achieving the partnership with the family, mobilizing the resources of the local society and enforcing voluntary work. Secondly, the effect of respondent's position variable was in favor of the managers, the teachers, the educational experts and parents respectively. Thirdly, the type of the school or its level has influenced the responses of the sample members at the general or total level as well as at the particular level for each sector of the field sectors, and this influence was in favor of basic education schools. Fourthly, there was no influence of belonging to the school variable on the sample responses whether on general or particular levels.The research introduced some suggestions and proposals, for the partnership between school and society such as, the agreement of Syrian Ministry of education to legalize and implement the approach of effecting the relationship between school and society on the one hand, and to encourage parents, local community and schools to participate and cooperate. 
Quality Issues in Higher Education Institutions in Arab Countries: Synthesis Study Year of publication: 2014 Author: الأمين،عدنان Corporate author: Lebanese Association for Educational Studies (LAES) This synthesis study addresses outstanding issues and trends concerning quality in higher education institutions at the regional level. It is based on case studies from eleven higher education institutions in Lebanon, Egypt and Morocco and on the ten standards used in these studies.The study shows that "the mission of the university" has a marginal position in most institutions; that government institutions are similar in their lack of financial and administrative independence; that there is a lack of independence in some academic respects such as the selection of students, faculty and programs in a number of countries; and that governance is lacking accountability, transparency and partnerships. Indeed, there are governance problems in private universities. Institutional research is not evidently known while all universities have some relevant plans even though these plans have not been implemented in a number of cases.The universities that are under study are generally unilaterally funded, their resources are scarce and the cost per student is low, however; private universities that were subject to this study in Lebanon and Morocco have sufficient resources. The most satisfactory element of the institution is the buildings and annexes thereto.However, at times, there are problems in terms of student overpopulation, poor level of services, scattered buildings, lack of maintenance and inadequate equipment, laboratories and libraries. There is a duality in student admission between Humanities and the Physical and Applied Sciences disciplines in favor of the latter which causes lower conditions in the education and assessment of the Humanities discipline.There is not enough information about the scientific productivity of faculty members, which reflects the marginality of scientific activity. The number of faculty staff is sufficient but there are serious problems regarding their promotion, performance assessment and professional development. Data on students are scarce in terms of students’ selection, influx, graduation and diversity; and support and guidance opportunities remain scarce.Quality assurance in Egypt is a governmental responsibility and there is no such thing in Morocco and Lebanon instead there are some initiatives and attempts. Some private universities in Morocco and Lebanon are engaged in obtaining quality assurance from international bodies. 
Children and Developing Tolerance Year of publication: 2011 Author: حسونة، أمل محمد Corporate author: Kuwait Society for the Advancement of Arab Children (KSAAC) This paper dealt with the issue of peace education and the nurturing of toleration among children proceeding from the idea that this culture is acquired through social nurturing along the different stages of development. It covered a group of values, concepts and skills that distinguish this culture and give it it’s special character.The paper also focuses on the importance of children acquiring peace culture at an early age since it is considered a preventive solution that protects them from future conflicts and provides them with positive coexistence skills in society and saves them from violence and aggression. On the other side, the paper concentrates on the importance of tolerance which makes it must for education policies and programs to contribute to developing understanding, solidarity and toleration among individuals. All of this aims at creating responsible and interdependent citizens, open to other cultures and capable of preventing conflicts or solving them peacefully. 
Education on Citizenship and Human Rights: A Project for Training the Human Being of Tomorrow Year of publication: 2014 Author: العماري، الصديق الصادقي This article aimed to integrate citizenship culture and human rights as pedagogy into education and to consolidate that culture through global education while farming all of this within a social, cultural and rational space. However, this aim won’t be realized unless an education philosophy is adopted that is based on lively curricula and programs aiming at consolidating the values of citizenship, civic behavior and human rights, a philosophy that has positive impact on the individual and on society.This topic was treated by responding to these questions: How is the system of values related to education? How does education on citizenship values and human rights values contribute to the development of today’s learner and to his/her qualification to become tomorrow’s citizen?Would the adoption of these values based education into the educational curricula and programs suffice to judge the learner’s behavior as being straight and correct enough to qualify him/her to be the good citizen of the future? Or are there other fundamental additional procedures than the adopted education philosophy?The paper concluded with defining the aspects of the education on citizenship and human rights expressed in the ability of individuals to have confidence in their identity and to work for peace and human rights in their society through the following: shouldering social responsibility, cooperate for the sake of solving problems, respect differences among people and support solidarity and justice. 
The Probelmatic of Citizenship in Education Following the January 25th Revolution Year of publication: 2013 Author: فرج، إلهام عبد الحميد Corporate author: Cairo University This paper dealt with the issue of citizenship and its problematics in education in the wake of the 25th January Revolution (in Egypt) through the following points: 1) The characteristics and dimensions of the concept of citizenship; 2) The educational policy regarding the education on citizenship before and after the 25th January Revolution; 3) The reflection of the education policy on the issue of citizenship in the educational curricula.The paper concluded that preserving national unity in Egypt has become a supreme aim that requires that Egyptian education becomes a means for achieving citizenship through the enlightening of minds and relying on a scientific critical approach.The paper tables several points that need to be considered in order for education to become patriotic and void of indoctrination and politicization. The points include: respecting scientific and objective thinking in the curricula, emphasizing the concept of cultural and religious pluralism that has all along been a feature of Egyptian culture and emphasizing the principle of citizenship in education through national cohesion and correlation. The paper also stresses the responsibility of teachers which requires training them on teaching strategies the are based on dialogue away from rote culture. 
The Role of Islamic Education in Countering Tribalism in the Age of Social Globalization Year of publication: 2012 Author: آل جحراف، عايض بن محمد بن عايض Corporate author: Umm Al-Qura University Methodology: descriptive approach. Chapter I: A general framework. Chapter II: Tribalism: concept, types, causes and negative effects. Chapter III: Islam's position on tribalism - a Historical overview of the emergence of tribalism; Holy Quran’s and Sunnah’s positions; Chapter IV: Social Globalization’s Position on Tribalism - the emergence of Globalization in general and social globalization specifically; social globalization, calls for Social mixing and the factors affecting activation of social globalization institutions; The Effects of Social Globalization on the Developing and Poor Countries.Chapter V: Educational Principles that called for the rejection of tribalism”, including equality, determination and unified penalty, human rights and dignity, tolerance and philanthropy, justice and the rejection of injustice, moderation. Chapter VI: The role of Islamic Education in countering tribalism through educational institutions -the Family, the mosque, the school and the Media. Chapter VII: General conclusions and recommendations and proposals.Following the prime results and recommendations, the researcher proposes the following: “conducting studies on discrimination against women, and within school communities with regard to teachers or students, as well as studying Sunnah educational methods with regard to countering tribalism in the civil society, and studying human differences and diversity in addition to linking it to Islamic education.Also, there should be a study of some school curricula in order to examine the extent to which it addresses the issue of tribalism from the viewpoint of experts, as well as conducting a study of tribalism and its effects within the high school in Asir region as this region is characterized by tribal diversity”.